Abstract
Eastern boundaries of ocean basins are characterized by intense upwelling, a wind-driven upward motion of oceanic water that brings colder nutrient-rich water from the deeper ocean to the surface to replace warmer nutrient-depleted water. These nutrient-rich coastal waters are favorable to the development of productive marine ecosystems that support large fisheries. The extent and intensity of coastal upwelling systems are subject to large naturally occurring variations, which are evident in the variations of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) and in fish catches. Over the last few decades, eastern boundary regions have attracted increasing attention, because of (1) the existence of pronounced SST warming events, (2) the fact that global climate models exhibit large biases in coastal upwelling regions, and (3) the sensitivity of upwelling ecosystems to climate change. Noticeable progresses have been made in discovering several coastal Niños/Niñas, the understanding of regional airsea interactions, effects of remote forcing and internal dynamics of coast upwelling regions.
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