Abstract

Sulfur is an essential element for all living organisms. Modifications of tRNA have been shown to play critical roles in the biogenesis, metabolism, structural stability, and function of RNA molecules and the specific modifications of nucleobases with sulfur atoms in tRNA are present in pro and eukaryotes. Here, especially the thiomodifications xm5s2U at the wobble position 34 in tRNAs for Lys, Gln, and Glu, were suggested to have an important role during the translation process by ensuring accurate deciphering of the genetic code and by stabilization of the tRNA structure. The trafficking and delivery of sulfur to the molybdenum cofactor and to nucleosides in tRNA is a complex process that is carried out by sulfur relay systems involving numerous proteins and is a highly regulated process that proceeds in a complex pathway involving several sulfur-transferring proteins.

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