Abstract
This chapter focuses on the institutional background of justice. The common law is the by-product of an administrative triumph, the way in which the government of England came to be centralized and specialized during the centuries after the conquest. The materials of the common law, therefore, were the customs of true communities whose geographical boundaries had divided peoples and cultures in some cases, and not just areas of governmental authority. Courts were the governing bodies of their communities, dealing with all their public business. After the conquest, as before it, the primary government of England was through counties and hundreds. The geographical subdivisions of counties, most often known as hundreds and obscure in origin, also had their courts.
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