1 - Overview of Plant Polymers: Resources, Demands, and Sustainability

Abstract

Renewable biomaterials that can be used for both bioenergy and bioproducts are a possible alternative to petroleum-based and synthetic products, which are unsustainable and contribute to pollution. This chapter provides an overview of biomass resources and the basics of plant-derived polymers and sustainability issues. It provides an introduction to biomass feedstock processing along with the development of plant materials synthesis and formation, especially with protein, starch polymers, and oils. Plant protein, oil, starch, and cellulosic materials are all important platforms for bioproduct applications. Lignin from cellulosic-based biomass should also be utilized for biofuels and bioproducts. Agricultural commodities typically cannot be used as they appear in nature. They need to be converted into functional polymers and materials by various technologies, including chemical reactions, fermentation, and modifications. The chapter describes the methods used for the modifications of agricultural fibers and cellulose, plant starches, plant oils, and plant proteins for different industrial uses. Durability, compatibility, affordability, and sustainability are the challenges of converting renewable resources into industrial materials. The design of bio-based materials should favor increased materials supplements, optimized land use, improved plant biodiversity, minimized environmental pollution, and improved energy efficiency while at the same time meeting consumer demands.