Abstract
The cause for a sudden loss of vision could be vascular in nature such as retinal vein occlusion, retinal artery occlusion, or vitreous hemorrhage. It could also be due to acute glaucoma, retinal detachment, or inflammatory conditions such as acute uveitis and optic neuritis. A gradual loss of vision is usually due to a refractive error, such as myopia or presbyopia, or degenerative conditions of which cataract is the most common. Flashes are momentary flashes of light due to the stimulation of the retina and are seen in retinal tears and detachments and also in vitreous detachment. Eye pain and headaches may be due to either ophthalmic or nonophthalmic causes. Binocular diplopia is usually due to extraocular muscle paralysis. Monocular diplopia is caused by disease in the eyeball, such as early cataract, lens dislocation, or corneal opacity. The assessment of distant and near visual acuity is important as it reflects the state of the macular function (central vision). The response of light directed at one pupil in a darkened room is known as the direct pupillary response. The extraocular muscles are examined by observing the position of the eyeballs with the patient looking straight ahead. The ophthalmoscope is used to observe abnormality in the ocular media, the optic disc, the retinal vessels, the fundal background, and the macula.
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