Abstract
Sample treatment is a critical and unavoidable step in most of the analytical methods, and its complexity is directly related to the sample–analyte binomial being considered. Concerning the analytes, their wide variety of chemical properties and their common low concentration in the samples are critical parameters to be considered in the definition of the number of steps needed. On the other hand, the aggregation state of the sample and the matrix complexity are also relevant factors when the preliminary operations of the analytical procedure are designed. In addition to these basic considerations, which directly determine the quality of the analytical information finally delivered, the environmental impact of the materials, solvents, reagents, as well as energy consumption are also relevant items to evaluate in the design of a novel sample preparation protocol. Separation techniques are at the core of the sample treatment universe, and most of the efforts are aimed at increasing their efficiency, reducing resource consumption, and focusing on simplicity. This chapter presents the current scenario of sample treatment while perspectives and trends are also envisaged.
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