Νέα υλικά ανόδου κελιών καυσίμου στερεού ηλεκτρολύτη (SOFC)

Abstract

In the frame of research for the development of alternative, friendly to the environment methods for the production of energy, significant effort is focusing on SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) technology. This work aims to the development of new promising materials for their application as anode electrodes in solid oxide fuel cells operating at high temperatures (HT-SOFCs), as well as at the intermediate temperature range (IT-SOFCs). Concerning the HT-SOFCs, mixed ZrO2-based ceramic oxides of the ternary systems Y2O3-ZrO2-TiO2 (YZT), Y2O3-ZrO2-Nb2O5 (YZN) and Y2O3-ZrO2-CeO2 (YZC) were prepared, characterized and studied in terms of thermal expansion and electrical properties, as well as their potential application as the ceramic components in the anode cermet material of a SOFC, focusing on the Ni/YZT system containing 30, 40 and 45 vol% Ni. The results showed that Ni/YZT cermets exhibit improved mechanical adjustment with the solid electrolyte and enhanced structural stability compared to Ni/8YSZ while the values of the electrical conductivity remain practical constant after long-term annealing at 1000oC for up to 1000 h in reducing atmosphere (Ar/4%H2), especially for the cermets with high TiO2-content in the ceramic phase. Wetting experiments in the system of YZT ceramics in contact with Ni showed that TiO2 presence enhances the bond strength at the metal/ceramic interface, which results in the decrease of the agglomeration tendency of the metallic particles. Electrochemical tests performed on fuel cells with Ni/YZT anode cermets showed encouraging results, whereas it is remarkable that for a specific composition was achieved improved performance compared to Ni/8YSZ anode. With regard to the possible reduction of the operating temperature from 900-1000oC to 650-800°C and the development of IT-SOFCs, the study was focused on CeO2-based oxides and more specifically on the binary Y2O3-CeO2 (YC) and ternary Y2O3-CeO2-TiO2 (YCT) systems. The XRD analysis of the ceramic powders after heating at temperatures up to 1400°C in air showed the formation of the cubic fluorite structure for the YC ceramic, whereas for the YCT ceramics an additional phase (Y2Ti2O7) with pyrochlore structure was formed. The thermal expansion coefficient (TEC) of the ceramics measured in air between 25 and 1000°C gave comparable values, decreasing with increasing Ti content, while in Ar/4%H2 atmosphere the TEC values of the ceramics increase dramatically at T ≥ 800 °C. The absolute values of the total electrical conductivity of the ceramics measured between 450-900°C in Ar/4%H2 increase significantly compared to those measured in air, due to their mixed conducting ionic-electronic character. The ionic conductivity of the Y0.20Ce0.80-xTixO1.9 ceramics with low amounts of Ti, measured in air, is appeared strongly increased, by about half order of magnitude, compared to 8YSZ. The corresponding Ni-cermets with high amounts of yttria and low amounts of titania in the ceramic phase exhibit improved long-term stability of the electrical conductivity, while under the operating conditions of a SOFC (~ 900oC) no detectable diffusion of Ce4+ in the 8YSZ electrolyte was observed.