Abstract
Simple SummaryOver the years, rumen acidosis is considered as the most common disease in ruminants, which affects animal health and brings huge economic losses of the ruminant industry. Antibiotic have been considered as effective to alleviate the occurrence of ruminal acidosis. However, antibiotic usage in food animals has been absolutely banned by European Union and strictly restricted in other countries. It is necessary to search for safe, effective and healthy additives alternative to antibiotics for ruminants. β-sitosterol is a plant compound known as phytosterol, which has many biological activities. In this study, sheep were feed four levels with β-sitosterol supplementation (0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0 g/kg). We concluded that β-sitosterol could attenuate high grain diet-induced inflammatory response and modify ruminal fermentation. These findings provide updated insight for preventing the occurrence of rumen acidosis.β-sitosterol (BSS) is a plant-derived natural bioactive compound, its cellular mechanism of anti-inflammatory activity has been proven recently. Little information is available regarding the application of BSS on ruminants under high grain diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary BSS supplementation on inflammatory response, ruminal fermentation characteristics and the composition of the ruminal bacterial community under high grain diet. Eight rumen-cannulated Hu sheep (59.7 ± 4.8 kg of initial body weight) were randomly assigned into a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design trial. Sheep were fed a high grain diet (non-fiber carbohydrate: neutral detergent fiber = 2.03) supplemented either with 0.25 (LBS), 0.5 (MBS), 1.0 (HBS) or without (CON) g BSS /kg dry matter diet. On day 21 of each period, rumen content samples were obtained at 6 h postfeeding, and blood samples were obtained before morning feeding. The data showed that compared with control group, Dietary BSS supplementation decreased serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. The ruminal pH and acetate concentration for BSS treatment were improved, while concentration of propionate, butyrate and lactate was decreased. The result of Illumina MiSeq sequencing of 16S rRNA gene revealed that BSS addition can increase the proportion of Prevotella_1, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Prevotella_7, and Selenomonas_1, and decrease the proportion of Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group. These results indicated that BSS attenuates high grain diet-induced inflammatory response and modifies ruminal fermentation. In addition, the BSS dietary supplementation at the level of 0.5 g/kg is recommended in sheep.
Highlights
Rumen acidosis is the consequence of feeding highly digestible grain diets and it is considered the most common nutritional disorder in feedlot cattle [1]
Long-term feeding of high grain diets is associated with subacute ruminal acidosis (SARA), induces changes in bacterial community composition and metabolic disorders
We found that dietary BSS at levels of 0.5 and 1 g/kg reduced the accumulation of ruminal lactate and free rumen LPS and inhibited the release of inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the blood
Summary
Rumen acidosis is the consequence of feeding highly digestible grain diets and it is considered the most common nutritional disorder in feedlot cattle [1]. Following the rumen epithelial barrier failed in a low-pH rumen condition, LPS may be translocated into the interior circulation of the body and triggered systemic inflammation by promoting the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 [4,5]. Several diet strategies, such as sodium bicarbonate buffer [6], dicarboxylic acids [7], monensin iono-phones [8], and probiotics [9], have been used to prevent the occurrence of SARA. Dietary supplementation with plant-derived extracts, for example, alkaloid [11], terpenoid [12], and essential oils [13], has received widespread attention from researchers due to their ability to stabilize rumen pH and improve rumen fermentation in ruminants
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