Abstract
α-Mangostin (AMG) is a potent anticancer xanthone that was discovered in mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn.). AMG possesses the highest opportunity for chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic therapy. AMG inhibits every step in the process of carcinogenesis. AMG suppressed multiple breast cancer (BC) cell proliferation and apoptosis by decreasing the creation of cancerous compounds. Accumulating BC abnormalities and their associated molecular signaling pathways promotes novel treatment strategies. Chemotherapy is a commonly used treatment; due to the possibility of unpleasant side effects and multidrug resistance, there has been substantial progress in searching for alternative solutions, including the use of plant-derived natural chemicals. Due to the limitations of conventional cancer therapy, nanotechnology provides hope for effective and efficient cancer diagnosis and treatment. Nanotechnology enables the delivery of nanoparticles and increased solubility of drugs and drug targeting, resulting in increased cytotoxicity and cell death during BC treatment. This review summarizes the progress and development of AMG’s cytotoxicity and the mechanism of death BC cells. The combination of natural medicine and nanotechnology into a synergistic capital will provide various benefits. This information will aid in the development of AMG nanoparticle preparations and may open up new avenues for discovering an effective BC treatment.
Highlights
The use of chemotherapy is not selective for cancer tissue, and it damages normal tissue
The expression of P-glycoprotein encoded by the multidrug resistance (MDR1) gene is associated with the emergence of the Molecules Drug Resistance (MDR) phenotype in cancer cells [46]
In addition to directly killing tumor cells, the fragments of dead tumor cells produced by photodynamic therapy (PDT) and Photothermal therapy (PTT) treatment can be used as potential antigens to trigger a sustained immune response, called photothermal and photodynamic immunotherapy
Summary
The use of chemotherapy is not selective for cancer tissue, and it damages normal tissue. Anticancer drugs derived from natural ingredients are a trendy choice; they emerged as promising candidates for anticancer therapy by targeting multiple signaling pathways [6]. Many of them are designed and developed from natural plants, showing good trends with new anticancer mechanisms, low toxicity, and inhibiting cancer stem cell (CSC) stems. AMG is the most potent chemopreventive agent and chemotherapy. Considerable evidence from in vitro and Currently, AMG is the most potent chemopreventive agent and chemotherapy. Considerable evidence from in vitro and oifn vivo studies has confirmed that AMG inhibits various tumor cell proliferations by modulating multiple targets and signal transduction pathways [8]. Combining natural products and the application of NPs could significantly improve conventional therapy with their biocompatibility, 2.aCshthemeyichaalvCehnaoraacdtveerirssteiccsonofseAqMueGnces. AarMy mGeitsaabomlietetsaboof lxiatentohfo1n,e3s,6c,o7m- teptrraisheytdhreocxlya-s2s,8o-fdoix(y3g-meneattheydl-h2e-bteurtoecnyyclle) sx[a1n8t]h. oAnMesG(Fisigaumree1ta).bTolhiteemofo1le,3c,u6l,7a-rtefotrramhyudlarooxfy[A1w2M9,]8i.Gt-hdAiiaMs(m3CG-mo24lHfeeoct2hru2myOlalu-6r2,lw-awbteuiiiottghenhnsatyoolm)fftx4oea1lnne0c.t4rhue6olqanaurneisdwre(aFeilimggaruhegrtlteeion1fsg)o.4lpT1uo0hbi.en4il6tmizoaoefnrl1edc8cu0oa–lna1mcr8ef2enol◦trtrmCiantug[i1loa9pn]oo.sfiAnbAMteMcoGafGu1fsoi8ser0mC–o21uf48lHta2ht2ei°2oCiOrn6s, poooftrewn areteqrusiroelulabrilgietys,otlhuubsilliizmeritcinognctehnetirrabtiioonavsabielacbaiulisteyoafntdheuisrapgoeoirnwceartetarinsotlhuebrialiptye,utthicus aplipmliictaintigonthse[i2r0b].ioavailability and usage in certain therapeutic applications [20]
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