Вплив альтернативних систем удобрення на фонд мінерального азоту ґрунту та продуктивність буряків цукрових

Abstract

Goal. To create favorable conditions for the nitrogen regime of the soil and to achieve high productivity of sugar beets by optimizing the terms of applying nitrogen fertilizers, introducing a straw destructor, micro fertilizers and growth regulator in the fertilizer system. Methods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. Research data on the effectiveness of the use of alternative straw-based organomineral fertilizer systems are given, and their influence on the mineral nitrogen fund of the soil and the productivity of sugar beets is established. It was found that the use of 5 t/ha of straw and its combination with the destructor Filazonit in a dose of 10 l/ha had an insignificant effect on the mineral nitrogen fund in the soil at the beginning of the sugar beet growing season. A significant increase in mineral nitrogen reserves in the 0–30 cm layer was achieved by applying N90P90K90 on a background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha. During the autumn application of nitrogen fertilizers under plowing, the reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil were 96 kg/ha, during the spring pre-sowing cultivation — 111–113, exceeding the control without fertilizers by 23 and 38–40 kg/ha, respectively. The formation of high reserves of mineral nitrogen in the soil in the spring with the combined application of straw and mineral fertilizers contributed to the intensive growth and development of sugar beets and ensured their high biological productivity. Spring application of nitrogen fertilizers was the most effective in forming the biological harvest of sugar beets. Application of N90 in pre-sowing cultivation on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing increased the yield of sugar beets compared to the autumn application of nitrogen fertilizers by 8.3 t/ha, sugar yield — by 1.39 t/ha. The sugar content of root crops slightly depended on fertilizer systems and amounted to 17.3–17.6% in the experiment. Foliar fertilizing with micro fertilizer “Folcrop combi” and growth regulator “Folcrop amin” on the background of an alternative organo-mineral fertilization system was ineffective. Thanks to foliar fertilization, the sugar yield increased by 0.19 t/ha. Conclusions. By introducing nitrogen into pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing, the highest reserves of mineral nitrogen were formed in the soil at the beginning of the sugar beet growing season. Nitrate nitrogen content was 19.4–19.6, ammonium content was 17.6–18.1 mg/kg of soil, with reserves of mineral nitrogen in the arable layer of 0–30 cm 111–113 kg/ha. Compared to the control without fertilizers, mineral nitrogen reserves in the soil increased by 38–40 kg/ha, which created favorable starting opportunities for intensive growth and development of sugar beets. The highest productivity of sugar beets was achieved with the introduction of nitrogen in pre-sowing cultivation at a dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of 5 t/ha of straw + Filazonit, 10 l/ha + P90K90 under plowing. The yield of root crops was 59.5 t/ha, sugar content — 17.4%, and sugar yield — 10.35 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizers in terms of yield by 18.3 t/ha, sugar yield — by 3.18 t/ha Ha.