Противопожарные расстояния от наземных автостоянок до жилых зданий

Abstract

Проанализированы нормативные требования к противопожарным разрывам от жилых зданий до границ открытых автостоянок. Рассмотрены особенности горения легковых автомобилей. На основе полевого моделирования изучены особенности распространения опасных факторов пожара (ОФП) и их воздействие на жилые здания при одновременном горении двух автомобилей. Моделирование проводилось при различных расстояниях до автостоянок и с учетом воздействия ветровой нагрузки. Показано, что на расстоянии от жилых зданий до автостоянок менее 10 м может потребоваться устройство огнестойких наружных стен здания с противопожарной защитой оконных проемов и применением негорючей облицовки фасада. The problem of parking lots and parking spaces is relevant in many large cities, which leads to the need to optimize parking space. The analysis of the regulatory framework in the field of fire safety of open parking lots has shown that the values of quenching distances from residential buildings to the boundaries of parking lots are associated with the fire hazard of the building, its number of storeys, fire resistance limits and characteristics of load-bearing and enclosing structures. In accordance with the new regulatory requirements, quenching distances from open storage areas, car parking to buildings and structures are not normalized. At the same time, when developing fire-fighting measures, it is necessary to take into account that the intensity of the fire impact on the building can significantly increase, for example, with the simultaneous ignition of two or more cars in the event of fuel spills, as well as arson. The purpose of this research is to study the peculiarities of fire hazards spread during simultaneous ignition of two or more cars on the basis of field modeling and to assess the possibility of fire-safe placement of an open parking lot in residential areas. To achieve the purpose of the study, field (CFD) modeling of fire dynamics using the FDS computer program was used. When modeling, calculations of fire hazards spread from an open parking lot and their impact on a residential building were carried out. As a result of modeling the fire development, temperature distributions, smoke and heat flows were obtained at different points in time at the window openings of a residential building at different points in time. The simulation was carried out at different distances and taking into account the impact of wind load. The results of the study showed that with the simultaneous ignition of two cars, the value of quenching distance of 10 m to open parking lots provides a condition for non-proliferation of fire on a residential building. With a decrease in the distance of less than 10 m, the values of the heat flux density and temperature at the window openings of apartments in the lower floors of the building under the influence of wind load may exceed critical values. In the residential areas of the lower floors, there may also be an excess of the values of fire hazards. To exclude this effect it is necessary to install fire-resistant exterior walls of the building with fire protection of window openings, as well as the use of finishes, facade cladding made of non-combustible materials. The simulation also showed that for residential buildings with a stylobate with a width of at least 5 m, quenching distances may not be observed when applying appropriate fire protection to the exterior walls and openings of the stylobate.