Abstract
The article examines the economic essence and types of financial and credit institutions with the division of activities of public and private banks into: entrepreneurial, credit and deposit activities. The author gives a comparative characteristic of private and state-owned banks, highlighting the priorities of their functioning based on the best foreign practice of the development of the Chinese banking system. The role of specialization of commercial banks and their universalization is determined. At the same time, a grouping of financial and credit institutions is given by the types of relations between the subjects of the banking market and by the level of the hierarchy of licensing requirements: banks with a basic license, systemically significant credit institutions and banks with a universal license. The article presents the structure of universal commercial banks of Russia by their specialization in 2021, the trends in the dynamics of changes in the indicators of liquidity of commercial banks in Russia are revealed. The structural liquidity deficit in the Russian banking sector is assessed as a prerequisite for the risk of financial universalization. At the same time, it is advisable to understand by liquidity the ability of assets of financial and credit institutions to transform into cash in a short time and without financial losses, taking into account the instability of the market situation. The article states the fact that during the analyzed period the number of financial and credit institutions has decreased catastrophically, which has a negative impact on the economic efficiency of lending to universal investment projects in the conditions of instability of the country's monetary circulation. The author identifies the factors of destabilization of the stability of the financial market development and their mutual influence on the universalization of financial and credit institutions. As a result of the research, an assessment of the impact of the universalization of Russian banks on the effectiveness of developing a long-term strategy for the development of the banking sector is given.
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