ФОНТАНИ ЯК АРХІТЕКТУРНО-БУДІВЕЛЬНИЙ ЗАСІБ АДАПТАЦІЇ УРБАНІЗОВАНОГО МІСЬКОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА ДО КЛІМАТИЧНИХ ЗМІН

Abstract

Ukraine's population living in cities is about 68%. The tendency of population growth and increasing their concentration in large cities of the country is anticipated. There happens the formation of a qualitatively new urbanized environment. The relevance of this study stems is dued to the global report on human settlements “Cities and climate change: strategy directions” (United Nations Human Settlements Program, 2011). The consequences of urbanization and climate change are dangerously combined, threatening environmental, economic and social stability in the world. The report aims to raise awareness of governments and anyone who's interested in the strategic development of cities on a number of topical issues: the impact of cities on climate change; the impact of climate change on cities; the role of cities in consequences mitigation. The aridity of climate has significantly increased in Ukraine, during the last decades. This article discusses the main effects of climate change, mitigation measures, and ways to adapt the urban environment. The factors affecting the increased climate change in the urban environment are described here. And the negative effects of climate change in the cities of the country are analyzed. Much attention is paid to the problem of the formation of heat island in an urban environment. The heat island is the result of a temperature anomaly over the central part of the city and factor influencing the manifestation of heat stress. The leaded research has been analyzed in next direction: heat stress - as a consequence of climate change in an urbanized city environment. Here were learned the groups of measures to improve the adaptability of the city to the negative effects of climate change. The article deals with research on modeling urban spaces. Much attention is paid to developing a plan for adapting the urban environment to climate change. The fountains were recognized as the main architectural and construction method for adapting large cities of the country to heat stress. The evolution of the development of modern fountains as architectural objects in the urban environment is traced, as well as a historical change in the functional content. Modern fountains are “living” urban air conditioners that regulate the climate of the urban environment (cool and moisten the air, reduce air pollution). The noise of urban street fountains, created by the variety of water sounds, improves the sound of urban areas affected by traffic noise. Fountains contribute to increasing the comfort of an urbanized city environment and increasing the adaptation of cities to heat stress. Here's clarified the definition of the term. A fountain is a specific structure for improving the climate of the environment with all the main and auxiliary devices and equipment that belong to it (State Standard D.1.1-1: 2013 Rules for determining the cost of construction). Here's raised the issue of the rational use of water resources in the organization of fountains in an urban environment. The article examines the experience of building fountains in countries with arid climate. Described in detail: • The Bellagio fountain in Las Vegas - the brand identity of tourist destinations, internationally recognized as the most spectacular; • The Dubai Fountain is the largest fountain in the world, a prime example of the rational use of water resources. As a result of the study, the following conclusions were made: modern fountains help to reduce the negative effects of climate change, reduce the manifestation of heat stress, passively cool urban spaces, normalize the functioning of urban energy systems, reduce air pollution, improve the quality of used water. Fountains also improve the sound of urban areas affected by traffic noise. Fountains as a part of the city’s adaptation plan to climate change manifestations increase the adaptability of the urbanized city environment to heat stress and carry out a set of measures aimed at increasing the comfort of urban areas. Creating interactive maps of cool zones with the presence of fountains on the territory of large cities where people can spend a hot day, and giving a block of such information to maps located in the city for tourists are the first steps to improve the adaptation of cities to climate change. Also, fountains are a tourist potential for the development of recreation zones and the historical part of the cities of Ukraine.