Abstract
Here applications of electron crystallography to the structural analysis of membrane proteins at high resolution are described. Methods to grow two-dimensional crystals of membrane proteins for the structural analysis and the sample preparation methods for cryo-electron microscopy are discussed. About the sample preparation, we developed a new technique, in which the crystals are put between two sheets of carbon film, to reduce the beam-induced image movement by electron microscopy from tilted specimens. Two structures of the membrane proteins, a proton pump and a water channel, were shown as two examples of electron crystallographic structural analysis of membrane proteins.
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