Abstract
The organic reactions mediated by solid surface come closest to an ideal simplified version of chemical processes. This article describes development of heterogeneous metal catalysts aiming at 'green' carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, based on unique properties of inorganic crystals, i.e. hydroxyapatite, montmorillonite, and hydrotalcite.A coordinatively-unsaturated Ru species generated on the hydroxyapatite surface efficiently catalyzes Diels-Alder reaction as well as aldol reaction of nitriles with carbonyl compounds in water solvent as a Lewis acid. A robust Pd2+ species on a Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite is capable of promoting Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions.A Sc (H2O) 6 species within the expansible interlayer space of montmorillonite shows an outstanding catalysis for Michael reaction of 1, 3-dicarbonyls even under solventless conditions. Allylation of carbonyl compounds with allyltrimethylsilane proceeds smoothly using Mn+-montmorillonite catalysts to afford homoallylic alcohols. Self-organized hydrotalcite provides a unique base catalyst in aldol reaction of aldehydes in water.The above functionalized and recyclable solid catalysts offer 'green' protocols of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions to replace conventional methods using stoichiometric reagents and homogeneous metal complex catalysts.
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