Особенности пожарной опасности зданий из деревянных конструкций

Abstract

Experience of modern multistory wooden buildings has shown that as the main structural schemes there are used frame and volumetric-modular technology with the use of cross-laminated timber (CLT) panels. It is a steady tendency to increase the number of stories of buildings. In the article the analysis of normative requirements in the field of fire safety of high-rise buildings of wooden structures is presented. In the Russian Federation the construction of one- and two-storey wooden residential houses are allowed with maximum floor surface of 800 and 500 m 2 , respectively. In this case, the limits of fire resistance of building structure are not standardized. It’s allowed the construction of three-storey houses of the class of constructive fire danger of the C2 and fire resistance of building structures not less than REI 15 (E 15). Basic regulatory requirements for wooden houses in Europe and North America are associated with the number of floors, the fire resistance rating of load-bearing structures and the application materials of wood finishes and facades. As a rule, the construction of two-storey wooden residential buildings has no limitations. With increasing number of stories there are used various fire protection system: fire detection, automatic fire extinguishing system, etc. Special attention is paid to the creation of fire compartments and limit the use of combustible materials in interior and exterior decoration. However, in some countries (Sweden, France, Netherlands) the construction of eight-story buildings of wooden structures without the use of automatic fire suppression systems is allowed. Results of fire tests of wooden constructions from laminated veneer lumber are presented. It is shown that wooden structures have a fire-resistance required for use in the construction of multi-storey buildings of different functional purpose. The parameters of the speed of charring of different wood structures are given. The main directions of research and development of the regulatory framework in the field of fire safety of buildings of wooden structures are defined. Special attention is paid to the further conduct of fire tests for evaluating the fire resistance of wooden structures using new composite materials and technologies, and conducting full-scale fire tests of wooden buildings and constructions in order to simulate the development of fires.