부여 대조사 석조미륵보살입상 연구

Abstract

The Stone Standing Bodhisattva Maitreya of Daejosa Temple, Buyeo is a symbolic Buddhist statue representing the gigantic stone images of Goryeo Dynasty(918-1392), along with the neighbouring Stone Standing Bodhisattva Maitreya of Gwanchoksa Temple, Nonsan. In addition to the newly discovered contents through a series of surveys, this paper intends to analyze the forms and images closely and to clarify the time, the background, and the significance of the Daejosa Temple image.BR It is impossible to trace the history of the Daejosa Temple image and the period of its erection based on existing written sources alone. However, it is possible to assume that the Daejosa Temple image was built later than at the same time as the foundation of the temple. The statue is said to be renovated in the latter half of the 13th century, by a monk of Muryangsa Temple called Jinjeon Jangno. The existing Buddhist eyes appear to have been inserted in the period from the end of the 13th century to the beginning of the 15th century, and the repair work of iron ornaments is thought to be done in the Joseon Dynasty. However, the situation of the temple seems to be rapidly fallen around the mid-18th century, before being renovated to the present scale in the Japanese occupation period as part of the revival of Buyeo area.BR The Daejosa Temple image is often referred to only as a statue of the local style established in the same period as the Gwanchoksa Temple image. It is true that the two statues have a significant similarity: the huge size, the cylindrical Bodhisattva crown, the double-layered chattra and the wearing of samghati. However, there is no detailed discussion of the stylistic difference between the Daejosa Temple image and the Gwanchoksa Temple image. The detailed expressions of the former, such as the hair flowing down on the shoulders, the elaborate ornaments on the chest, the pins attached to the Bodhisattva crown, and the samghati variation that covers left shoulder, do not appear in the latter. All these distinctions can be seen in the Buddhist art of Northern Song, Liao, and Late Goryeo. Thus, the Daejosa Temple image is the result of selecting and combining different stylistic features in various periods and regions.BR The Daejosa Temple image and the Gwanchoksa Temple image share a common iconography rather than a style. The iconography of the Gwanchoksa Temple image seems to the visualization of Maitreya receiving the samghati of the Buddha, which is depicted in Foshuo mile dachengfo jing (hereafter the Chengfo jing ). Meanwhile, the Daejosa Temple image is produced upon the same body ratio of the Maitreya, which is mentioned in the Chengfo jing ; it can be said that the statue is also built referring to the sutra. With the rapid growth of the Beopsang order as a major denomination in Goryeo as well as the establishment of several outdoor Buddhist memorials related to the Maitreya, the demand for the gigantic Maitreya statue was brought to the formation of another Maitreya Bodhisattva in the vicinity of Gwanchoksa Temple.BR As a result, the Daejosa Temple image seems to have been created after the late 11th century when Buddhist interchange with Liao dynasty is activated, compared to the Gwanchoksa Temple image created from the end of the 10th century to the beginning of the 11th century. The Daejosa Temple image shows the primitive form of the Buddhist sculpture appearing in the Late Goryeo Buddhist statue. It has been proven as the samghati variation that covers left shoulder became the typical style of the late Goryeo Buddhist statue, including the Wooden Seated Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara of Bhagwangsa Temple, Andong.