Агроекологічна стійкість сортів квасолі звичайної до несприятливих умов вегетації

Abstract

Actuality of theme. Insignificant sown area and low yield of common bean seeds do not meet consumer needs for its products in Ukraine. One of the important factors in increasing the sown area and increasing the yield of beans is the correct selection of its varieties, taking into account their agri-environmental resistance to diseases, pests, drought and potential productivity. Goal. Therefore, the aim of our research was to analyze the available range of beans in terms of productivity and resistance to adverse environmental factors. Methods. Studies on the assessment of agroecological resistance of common bean varieties to adverse growing conditions were conducted on the basis of the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Distribution in Ukraine for 2021, Official Descriptions of Plant Varieties and Economic Suitability Indicators submitted in the Official Bulletins, covered in the Information-reference system "Variety", as well as on the materials of scientific research Bezugla O.M., Ovcharuk O.V., Mazur O.V., Palamarchuk V.D., Klisha A.I., Kulinich O.O., Korzh Z.V., Olifirovich S.E., where the indicators of productivity of varieties of common beans are presented. Materials were analyzed by varieties of common beans (grain) and common beans (vegetables). The resistance of bean varieties to pests, diseases and drought was considered as unfavorable growing conditions. The relative resistance of plant varieties to adverse factors is established on a nine-point scale (1 – 9 points), in which 9 points corresponds to the highest resistance, and 1 point – the lowest resistance. Potential yield levels of seeds of grain beans and green beans of vegetable beans were also analyzed. We compared the studied indicators using mathematical-statistical correlation-regression analysis. Results. Common beans (grain) in the State Register of Plant Varieties Ukraine for 2021 is represented by 30 varieties. According to the level of potential seed yield, according to the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine, among the varieties of grain beans predominate Eureka, Igolomskaya – 3.0 t/ha, Ros, Mavka – 2.80 t/ha, Yasochka – 2.78 t/ha, Nata – 2.75 t/ha, Shchedra, Assol, Slavia, Wawel – 2.70 t/ha each. The lowest declared seed yield of grain varieties Fresano, Pervomaiskaya, Dokuchaevskaya – 1.50 t/ha, Gaidarskaya, Dvadesyatitsa – 1.70 t/ha. The relative resistance of most varieties of common beans to the disease complex is determined by a score of 7 on a nine-point scale. Only the Gothic variety had the highest resistance to a complex of diseases – 9 points, the Otrada variety had a resistance score of 6, Dokuchaevskaya – 5, Pervomaiskaya – 4 points. Information on the resistance of grain varieties to pests in the State Register of Varieties is only partially written out. According to this document, the varieties Gaidarska, Gothic, Onyx, Perlina, Mavka and Nadiya have a resistance score of 7. There is no information on the resistance to pests of other varieties of grain beans in the document. The highest drought resistance, according to the State Register of varieties, has beans of the Wawel variety – 9 points, Igolomskaya, Zagadka, Dvadesyatitsa – 8 points each. The least drought-resistant varieties are Pervomaisk – 4 points, Veselka, Yarynka, Dokuchaevska – 5 points each. Most varieties of grain beans are characterized by an average score of drought resistance – 7. The State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine for 2021 presents 34 varieties of vegetable beans. The highest potential seed yield, according to the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine, are varieties of vegetable beans Gina, Festival – 2.20 t/ha, Konza – 2.10 t/ha and Dolphin – 2.00 t/ha. The lowest seed yield is typical for Croquet varieties – 0.65 t/ha and Pike – 0.70 t/ha. Similar to grain beans, most varieties of vegetable beans have a disease resistance score of 7. Only the Nagano variety has a score of 8, Olga – 6, Festival, Faiza, Festin – 5 points each. Increased resistance to pests are varieties of beans vegetable Festival and Faiza, with a score of 8. For other varieties, information on their resistance to pests is missing. Vegetable varieties of vegetables Dolphin, Nagano, Shahinya, Croquet and Festin have the highest drought resistance – 8 points each. The least drought-resistant are Teroma – 5 points and Faiza – 6 points. Comparison of the potential seed yield of grain and vegetable varieties revealed an excess of the average yield of grain varieties by 37.2% compared to vegetables. Disease resistance in grain and vegetable beans is the same – 6.8 points each, and resistance to pests in vegetable beans is 12.5% higher than in grain beans. Drought resistance of vegetable varieties is 6.9% higher than grain beans. Conclusions. Among the varieties of grain beans according to the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine for 2021 the highest potential seed yields are: Eureka, Igolomskaya, Ros, Mavka, Yasochka, Nata, Shchedra, Assol, Slavia, Wawel. The most drought-resistant varieties are Wawel, Igolom, Zagadka; to diseases - Gothic. Among the varieties of vegetable beans, the highest potential seed yields are: Gina, Festival, Konza and Delfina; green beans – Festival, Faiza and Festin. Nagano was the most resistant to diseases; to the influence of pests - Festival and Faiza; The most drought-resistant, according to the State Register of Plant Varieties of Ukraine for 2021, are the varieties Dolphin, Nagano, Shahinya, Croquet and Festin.