Способы репрезентации семантики запрета в тувинском языке

Abstract

Introduction. The article discusses the linguistic manifestation of prohibition semantics in Tuvan, analyzes the grammatical and lexical means of its expression, determines the semantic differences of the prohibition indicators and their functional/stylistic features. Goals. The paper aims to describe the grammatical and lexical means of expressing the semantics of prohibition in modern Tuvan, to analyze their meanings, pragmatic and stylistic functions. Materials and Methods. The study employs the descriptive method, functional/semantic and communicative/pragmatic approaches. The research material was provided by examples from digital sources of Tuvan-language texts available at: http://www.tuvancorpus.ru/. Results. The research of Tuvan language materials confirms the data from typologically different languages that indicators of the negative imperative are stylistically universal transmitters of the prohibitive meaning. Other means of expressing prohibition — besides the negative form of the future tense –бас — are stylistically marked. When it comes to express a prohibition, intonation holds an important place since it interacts with the former’s formal indicators proper, context and communicative situation. The paper identifies several types of prohibition (the prohibitive) that have received grammatical and lexical expressions in the Tuvan language — the regulative, preventive, constative, and corrective. Semantically, a comparatively wider range of prohibition values is possessed by the analytical form Tv-п болбас ― a special grammatical indicator of prohibition expressing the regulative, preventive, and constative. For other grammatical means within this system of indicative indicators, transfer of prohibition values is not a key function of theirs. This is the case of the future negative -бас (regulative, preventive) and the past -ды. The latter conveys a value of the admonitive. The system of lexical and grammatical means of expressing prohibition is distinguished by the lexemes хоржок (preventive), болзун, адыр (corrective) that have no certain part of speech status within the modern language. The prohibition lexeme болзун is a grammaticalization of the verb бол- in the meaning ‘to finish’ for the third imperative. There are two verbs бол- and сокса- that implicitly express prohibition/correction. The considered lexico-grammatical and lexical means of prohibition belong to the colloquial style. The formal style employs a number of special lexemes with the meaning of the regulative formed from the stem хору-. This word-formation nest includes verbs, adjectives, adverbs. The results of the study in the functional/semantic field of prohibition in the Tuvan language shall be demanded in further research on modality in the Turkic and other languages.