АРХИТЕКТУРНОЕ ТВОРЧЕСТВО ГОРОДСКОГО СОЮЗА ЖИЛИЩНОЙ КООПЕРАЦИИ НОВОСИБИРСКА В ГОДЫ ПЕРВОЙ ПЯТИЛЕТКИ

Abstract

The purpose of the study is to identify the main typological, space-planning, constructive, stylistic and town-planning features of residential buildings designed by the Municipal union of Novosibirsk housing cooperatives in the years of the first five-year plan. Research objectives: 1) To substantiate the need for a transition to stone construction and the benefits of the development of quarterly residential buildings in Novosibirsk during the first five-year plan; 2) Determine the main types and types of housing, the development of which was engaged Gorshilsoyuz in the study period; 3) Analyze the most characteristic objects designed by Gorzhilsoyuz in the 1930s. The method of work is based on a comprehensive analysis of archival materials from the Novosibirsk State Archive (GANO) and funds of the Museum of the History of Architecture of Siberia named after S.N. Balandin (Novosibirsk), as well as literary sources and materials of periodicals. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time, based on an analysis of residential building projects created by the Gorzhilsoyuz, their architectural and typological features and compositional and stylistic features are identified and compared in detail. Founded in 1925, the Municipal union of Novosibirsk housing cooperatives (Gorzhilsoyuz) began its activities with the design of wooden residential buildings for housing cooperatives. In the years of the first five-year plan, this organization switched to the design of stone multi-apartment residential buildings based on socialist type housing principles. If in the previous period, most residential buildings had a unified space-planning solution, which did not include other functions besides housing, in 1928–1932 the city began to embody the original projects of new types of not only multi-family buildings, but also quarterly residential complexes, which included in their structure public housing and service facilities. The first example of a quarter residential development of the city was the “garden-quarter of a new type” of the housing cooperative “Pechatnik”. The design of residential buildings involved professionals Gorzhilsoyuz. The corner multisection apartment building had in the ground floor: shops, a dining room, a pharmacy, a kindergarten, a red corner; in the basement were: showers, bathrooms and laundry. Decorative belts and rizalits were the main architectural elements of the main facade. In 1929–1930 housing cooperatives “Medrabotnic” and “Khimik” built two corner multi-section residential buildings according to the projects of the Gorzhilsoyuz. Multi-apartment building “Medrabotnic” consists of four sections. Standard ordinary end sections had two apartments on the floor: three- and four-room apartments, each of which housed a kitchen, a bathroom, and a bathroom. A store was designed on the first floor of the rotary section, and on each floor above are two three-room apartments (without bathrooms) and one four-room (second to fourth floor) apartments. The residential building of the “Khimik” was the first five-story building in Novosibirsk and was conceived as a communal house. The house provided separate sleeping areas for: adults and children. However, due to the change in the ideological line of the government, the project was converted into an apartment building with shops on the ground floor. The facades of the house spatially overlap with the facades of the building “Medrabotnic”. The residential four-storey building of the housing cooperative “Rabochaya piatiletka”, built in 1930 according to the drawings of the Gorzhilsoyuz, was designed as a communal house. The project was supposed to accommodate people in separate age groups. On the ground floor there was a dining room with a kitchen, administrative rooms and bedrooms for the elderly. On the second floor there were the bedrooms of adults and children of eight years of age. The third and fourth floors were occupied by bedrooms of adults and children up to 16 years. Half of the fourth floor had social functions. The basement was allocated for laundry, boiler room and pantry products. However, in connection with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) “On work on the restructuring of life” (dated May 16, 1930), the dormitory was re-planned, and later became an administrative building.