Abstract
The review considers a general theoretical model of nanoparticles similar to the structure of a "green walnut", consisting of a core, a surface and a layer of ligands. Due to the peculiarities of such a surface defect structure in nanoparticles, the phenomenon of high-temperature ferromagnetism in the nonmagnetic parent structure is possible (considered by the example of semiconductor metal oxides, noble metals, and carbon nanostructures). It is shown that this phenomenon is not of an artifact nature, but is possible for any materials in a highly dispersed state. The main reasons for the cooperative magnetic effect in the system of defect-induced magnetic moments are proposed. The review also discusses the ferron model, which is successfully used to analyze the properties of modern magnetic nanomaterials.
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