전 세계 난민 상황과 정책

Abstract

The issue of refugees and migration has been raised and addressed for a long period of time in the modern history. However, the recent development of violence and conflict such as civil and cross-border wars in Middle East or Africa as well as newly emerging crisis in environmental areas like climate change demonstrates its distinctive nature of severity and seriousness, which involves massive numbers and unfolds in a different way compared to the past. Furthermore, the new phenomenon where the people should leave their houses or dwelling against their will is becoming prevalent in many different parts of the world as we call it ‘forced displacement’. With this new concept of forcibly displaced people, whether it is done internally or internationally, we count approximately 60 million people all around world affected in refugees, migrants or internally displaced persons. In recent years, in particular, a large number of Syrian refugees or migrants who have moved to Europe drew special global attention as this movement raises to a considerable degree a lot of issues and challenges in the area of political, socio-economic, demographic and cultural. This article covers the current refugees and migration situation in internal, international and global context and addresses the related policy or recommendation for the state and international response such as from the European Union or the United Nations as we believe that migration issue will become much more complex and important than before. As we see the new concept, ‘forced displacement’in dealing with refugees and migration, we can categorize it in several different classifications like refugees, asylum seekers or migrants if people move beyond their territory. If people should move internally against their will, we call it Internally Displaced Persons (IDP). IDP, despite of its severity and involving considerable large numbers, was usually regraded as a domestic affair and therefore did not get the proper and necessary attention and support from the international society. The root causes of large-scale refugees or forced displacement include, among others, political instability, human rights abuses, violent extremism, lack of employment opportunities, poor governance, and climate change. To address and resolve this issue in a reasonable and predictable way, we have to focus as much as possible on the ‘durable solution’ like resettlement, voluntary repatriation to their home country, resolving statelessness, and reintegration to the local community. As Pope Francis also emphasized, the human dignity of all refugees should be protected as they are the same human being like us and should be treated with the principles of the Charter of the United Nations, which underline universal values like human dignity and human rights. A massive influx of refugees, migrants or forced displaced persons became already a ‘new normal’. Therefore, the ultimate solution of this issue should be starting from the recognition of the international community that this issue is a common problem of the humanity and should be resolved jointly and collectively. Burden- and responsibility-sharing among the states should be prioritized and international solidarity should also come in tandem with burden sharing. As this refugee/migration issue encompasses all important global agenda or all three pillars of the United Nations like peace and security, sustainable development goals (SDGs) and humanitarian and human rights aspect, the United Nations and international community should tackle this challenge with a global movement so that we can protect and restore human dignity of every human being as we are working together to achieve so-called “leave no one behind”in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development.