戦後日本体育・スポーツにおける自由主義教育者をめぐる問題 : ミリタリズムの連続

Abstract

T. Yamamoto (1985) has stated that the leaders of physical education and sports after World War II in Japan were the same persons who engaged in militaristic physical education and sports during the War. On the other hand, H. Wray (1982, 1986, 1990) has claimed that the CIE under control of the GHQ/SCAP, drew up a written list of "Liberal Educators of Japan" (LEJ) in 1946, but up to now this list has not been discovered. The fact that there is such a list suggests the possibility that militaristic leaders are, in fact, included among the LEJ. The purpose of this study was to consider how militaristic leaders of physical education and sports were able to be active during the early period of occupation in Japan by analyzing the LEJ. The results clearly showed that 57 leaders of physical education and sports were listed as liberal educators, of whom 38 were described as neither militaristic nor liberal, 2 were described as both militaristic and liberal, and only 9 were described as genuinely liberal. The important point to note was that 8 of the 57 leaders were described as militaristic. The reasons why these 8 militaristic leaders were engaged in liberal education were as follows: 1. They had already held important positions in physical education and sports as of 1946. 2. They were suggested by influential persons to be trusted by the CIE. 3. They were well experienced in studying abroad from the prewar period and throughout World War II, and well informed about world affairs in both physical education and sports. 4. The CIE placed much faith in their scientific ability. 5. They were indispensable for collecting information on Japanese physical education and sports. As a result, it seems appropriate to conclude that the CIE needed leaders who were not genuine liberal educators, but rather reformers with ability and status, and that the militaristic leaders were the only liberal educators capable of achieving reform. The evidence would suggest that the militaristic leaders were, in fact, protected by the CIE. Thus this study has shown that one of the factors that allowed militaristic leaders to be engaged in physical education and sports as liberal educators after World War II was that the LEJ were recognized by the CIE.