Επίδραση ορισμένων ριβοσωματικών συστατικών επί της πρωτεϊνοσύνθεσης και επί εξωριβοσωματικών λειτουργιών του ευκαρυωτικού κυττάρου

Abstract

The aim of the present diatribe focuses on the function and the structure of the eukaryotic ribosome. Specifically, the influence of several ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residues from the small and the large ribosomal subunit as well as the influence of several extra-ribosomal elements on the accurate decoding of the genetic information, on the catalysis of peptide bond formation and on the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A to the P ribosomal site, is investigated. In the last part, the possible correlation between translational fidelity and the cell’s oxidative status is determined for the first time in eukaryotic cells. The methodology that was applied includes a) the error frequency (E.F) determination that measures translational fidelity, b) the determination of the catalytic rate constant for peptide bond formation that reflects the ribosomal peptidyltransferase activity and c) the dependence of the translocation step on soluble protein factors concentration and on cycloheximide concentration. Moreover, we studied the effects of the antibiotics paromomycin and cycloheximide in vivo and in vitro. The assembly of ribosomal subunits, of ribosomes and of polysomes was also investigated. Finally, typical markers of the cell’s oxidative status were determined. Despite the fact that rRNA residues are mainly responsible for ribosomal function, the results from the first part of the thesis lead to the conclusion that the translational fidelity, the catalytic activity and the translocation step of translation are determined up to a certain level by extra-ribosomal elements such as the serine/threonine phosphatase SAL6 as well as the ASU9 gene product. The conclusions drawn from the second part of the diatribe point to the constant intercommunication between the two ribosomal subunits. Indeed, several mutations in the small ribosomal subunit rRNA not only affect its major function, i.e. the decoding process, but they also affect the rate of peptide bond formation. Reversely, several mutations in the large ribosomal subunit rRNA not only affect its major activity, i.e. the peptidyltransferase activity, but they also affect the accuracy of decoding. Some of these mutations influence also the translocation step of protein synthesis. In the third part, we prove that error-prone mutations display lower oxidative stress whereas the hyperaccurate mutations display higher oxidative stress. An attractive interpretation of these results is that a cell might spend more energy in order to achieve hyperaccuracy during translation thus reducing the amount of energy left in order to combat free radicals.