Abstract
Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. Roem. is recognized as the ancestor of the cultivated apple tree. It has a valuable gene pool, and in the last decades, it becomes endangered in Kazakhstan. The genetic diversity of 13 clone-varieties of Sievers apple tree (Malus sieversii) of Dzungarian population from the introduction collection of the Main Botanical Garden in Almaty (Kazakhstan) and 31 samples from three natural populations were assessed using eight polymorphic ISSR markers. The phylogenetic relationship of the clone-varieties with the natural population was estimated using ribosomal (ITS) and chloroplast DNA (rps16 intron, trnL intron, trn L-trn F). The data revealed a high genetic diversity of various clones and samples of Sievers apple tree of the Dzungarian populations. As a result of phylogenetic and cluster analysis the studied clones and samples of M. sieversii from natural populations formed a cluster, samples of supposedly hybrid origin formed 2 clusters, and no clustering was detected depending on geographical distance. The data demonstrate that there is an active information exchange between the populations.
Highlights
The territory of Kazakhstan is the northern margins of the Central Asian centre of origin of several plant species
In Kazakhstan, it is common in Zailiysky Alatau, Dzungar Alatau, Kirghiz Alatau, Karatau, Talas Alatau
All the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences obtained turned out to be almost identical, only some sections showed the presence of at least two copies in the genome of the M. sieversii, which was confirmed by the analysis of the sequences we obtained with sequences published in the nucleotide Genbank
Summary
The territory of Kazakhstan is the northern margins of the Central Asian centre of origin of several plant species. In this geographical region, many economically valuable species are distributed, such as Malus sieversii (Ledeb.) M. – Sievers apple tree (Vavilov, 1931; Luby et al, 2001; Dzhangaliev, 2003). This wild apple tree thrives in the montane and subalpine belts of the mountains at an altitude of 800 to 1700 m. The largest natural populations of M. sieversii are found in the Kazakh part of the Dzungar Alatau (Dzhangaliev, 1977)
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