Полиморфизм ДНК собак (Canis familiaris L.). III. VNTR- и STR-локусы. Их применение в собаководстве и криминалистике

Abstract

The application of mini- and microsatellite polymorphisms of dog DNA, also referred to as VNTR- and STR-loci, respectively, in dog breeding and criminalistics is considered. Their use in dog breeding is shown to clarify pedigrees, establish paternity and purebred, as well as to differentiate breeds mainly in the form of microsatellite DNA polymorphism. In criminalistics, dogs can be both participants in crime scenes in the form of attacks on humans or pets, and some witnesses through whose DNA extracted from their fur or feces, by DNA identification of a particular dog, it may be help to get out to the perpetrator or at least to the crime scene, which is also a good help in its disclosure. At the same time, population studies of dogs, during which the prevalence of certain alleles of marker traits in the form of STR loci in different territories is established, contribute to making the right decisions. The databases on STR-polymorphism of dog DNA or their prototypes are briefly described. Attention is paid to the sources of forensic canine DNA, as well as methods of its extraction and preliminary evaluation of isolated preparations. The use of VNTR polymorphism was rather short-lived, and was quickly replaced by STR polymorphism. There are some trends in the introduction of new polymorphic traits in this area in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphism or SNPs, potentially providing more accurate information, including for DNA identification of individuals. The issues of universal DNA certification of dogs are discussed, which can contribute to improving the culture of keeping dogs and will allow the elimination of stray dogs in the future, which will be humanistic character and potentially reduce the number of aggressor dogs.