Колективізація і Голодомор 1932–1933 рр. на Дніпропетровщині в етнонаціональному вимірі

Abstract

The state of studying the problem is analyzed. It is revealed that the bulk of the research considers it in the all-Ukrainian context. Because of this, the tragic events in the ethno-national plane remain poorly trained. In the works on the history of national minorities, this problem is subordinate. There is an extremely limited range of works devoted to the state policy during the period of collectivization and in 1932-1933 among national minorities at the regional level, the role of local leaders in its implementation, the peculiarities of its implementation in the national regions, the consequences of those tragic events for their population. This also applies to Dnipropetrovsk region, where from the ХVІІІ century. Five ethnic minorities lived compactly: Bulgarians, Greeks, Jews, Germans and Russians, at the beginning. 1930s concentrated in 9 national districts. It is noted that within the framework of the policy of collectivization proclaimed at the end of the 1920’s, similar measures began to be implemented in all the national districts of the Dnipropetrovsk region. The system of forms and methods of coercion of peasants, used by local managers to stimulate peasants to accelerate the arrival of peasants to collective farms, is shown. It was found that they were more intense and brutal in national regions compared with other regions of the region. It is noted that this precisely led to the completion of collectivization in the scheduled Union Center term. Different ways of resistance of peasants are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the kind of resistance, such as emigration, that is unusual for other national categories of the population of the village of the republic. It is shown with an indication of a significant list of names of specific settlements of the national districts of the oblast, in the form of withdrawing from the state the bread, forms of coercion to do so. Details are described such as bringing to the «black boards» the prosecution of heads and boards of collective farms. It is shown that such methods have led to famine and death from it in the winter of 1932-1933 in all the national districts of the region. However, the regional and district leadership ignored this situation. Such behavior of the leaders led to the use of various sorts of surrogates, meat of dogs, cats, reptiles, dead animals, and cannibalism by peasants. Some members of national minorities, mostly of German nationality, received food aid from their historical homeland. It began to arrive as early as December 1932. It is noted that the Soviet authorities were opposed to such aid by the leadership of the German national districts, because peasants are writing about the famine. It is shown that the campaign to рр.син against «Hitler’s help» has grown into a campaign to find «fascist organizations». It is showed results of this campaign in the area. In the ethno-demographic context, the materials «Books of memory of the victims of the Holodomor of 1932–1933 in Ukraine are used. Dnipropetrovsk region», where they are based on the percentage of the dead from national minorities in rural areas and in the cities of the oblast.