Качество пыльцы сосны обыкновенной (Pinus sylvestris L.) в зоне действия выбросов АО «Карабашмедь»

Abstract

The study results of Common pine mature pollen state in the smoke emissions from the plant JSC «Karabashmed» in connection with the level of technogenic impact are presented. It is shown that the state of the vegetation cover is in accordance with the level of technogenic pollution, determined by the accumulation degree of air pollutants in the snow cover. It was established that the soil and vegetation were degraded in the flare zone of the plant. There are no pine stands at a distance of less than 3.5 km from the source of smoke emissions. Symptoms of chronic and acute damage to the assimilation apparatus and disturbance of the generative sphere of pine at a distance of 8 km to the southeast were revealed. A significant similarity in the vital state of pine stands at a distance of 13 km (zone of low aerosol pollution) and 19 km (background conditions) from the source was established. At the same time, the frequency of small and degenerated pollen was many times higher in the pool of mature pine pollen in the stand under conditions of a low level of pollution than under background conditions. A high frequency of pollen grains with anomalies of air pockets was detected in the stand under background conditions. The results of the study indicate a high susceptability of the male generative system to technogenic pollution (accumulated soil, aerosol, gas) and the possibility of its bioindication in the absence of symptoms of damage to the assimilation apparatus. It was shown that disturbances in the development of male gametophyte in the zones of technogenic pollution are already realized at the early stages of microspore development and are revealed by the high frequency of small underdeveloped pollen. It was found that most of the pine trees growing on the soil of fine-stone-sandy composition correspond to the categories of weakened and dying ones, which makes it possible to recognize the conditions of the man-made land as extremely unfavorable for the growth and development of pine. The mature pine pollen of these stands is characterized by the peculiar features that distinguish it from the pollen of other stands. The conclusion is made about the negative effect of smoke emissions from the JSC «Karabashmed» plant on the condition of pine plantations and the male generative system of pine, even at a considerable distance from the source of emissions.