Abstract
Background: Three medicinal plants of the Campanulaceae, Codonopsis lanceolata, C. pilosula, and C. ussuriensis are perennial vines of the genus Codonopsis, and are widely disturbuted in East Asia. C. lanceolata, C. pilosula, and C. ussuriensis have been used as medicine to alleviate inflammation, increase red blood cell count and hemoglobin levels, and improve spleen and stomach functions, respectively. The three species have similar morphologies, although their pharmacological effects differ.BRMethods and Results: We identified polymorphic loci by comparing chloroplast and mitochondrial sequences of C. lanceolata, C. pilosula, and C. ussuriensis. We designed primers based on these polymorphic loci and conducted polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to verify the polymorphisms. Three insertion–deletion (InDel) markers were ultimately developed: CD-mt-02, which identified C. pilosula; CD-mt-06, which identified C. ussuriensis; and CD-cp-07, which identified all the three species.BRConclusions: The three InDel markers developed in this study easily distinguished the three plant species based on a simple PCR test.
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