Abstract
An outbreak of coronavirus disease CoViD-19, caused by the new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in a short period of time led to a global public health emergency worldwide. The difficult epidemiological situation associated with the rapid increase in the number of patients and the high mortality rate, as well as the need to overcome the consequences of the pandemic as soon as possible, have become an important challenge for science. The special attention of scientists is focused on in-depth study of the pathogenetic mechanisms of coronavirus infection, which is important for the development of antiviral drugs and vaccines to combat CoViD-19. To penetrate the target cells the virus uses receptors, expressed in various tissues of the organism, the main of which is angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Virus replication is regulated by a lot of factors and causes abrupt morphological and physiological changes in cells. SARS-CoV-2 disrupts the regulation of inflammatory signaling pathways that generate a cytokine "storm", causes multisystem disorders and a life-threatening condition – acute respiratory distress syndrome. An important component of pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of CoViD-19 are hemostasis disorders, activation of thrombosis and thromboembolic complications. This review provides certain data regarding the structure of SARS-CoV-2, routes of infection, defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion, features of the hemostasis system in coronavirus infection, intracellular signal transduction, and current strategies for the prevention and treatment of CoViD-19, which are aimed primarily at suppressing the replication of the virus, limiting its dissemination and reducing the immune response of organism in conditions of infection.
Highlights
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes CoViD-19, has led to an unprecedented global health crisis around the world
The first vaccines have been created in record time, which undergoing different stages of testing, some of them have already been approved by the WHO for use against CoViD-19, which are crucial to ending the pandemic
Increased angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression is observed in the tissues of patients with diabetes and obesity, which can increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 penetration into cells and damage to the organism by infection [19]
Summary
The new severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes CoViD-19, has led to an unprecedented global health crisis around the world. Spike S proteins, which form peplomers, play a key role in the virus infection of the human organism: interaction with the receptor on the surface of host cells, its attachment and penetration into target cells, where the pathogen is actively replicating.
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Schedule a callMore From: Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology
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