Перспективи використання композиційного рідкого палива в енергетиці

Abstract

Uninterrupted supplying of the national economy with gas, oil, coal, electric and thermal energy is one of the conditions for guaranteeing its economic and political independence and national security. The enterprises of power engineering, working on traditional hydrocarbon energy resources, in particular on solid fuel (coal), annually produce tens millions tons of ash and slag waste and hundreds of millions of cubic meters of gaseous emissions. The consequences of coal using as an energy carrier are the most significant for the environment and human health (in comparison with other fuels). In the case of coal combustion, nitrogen and sulfur-containing (NOx and SOx) oxides, volatile organic compounds (ash and dust), large amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) gases per unit of energy produced, as well as various traces of metals can be spread over large areas and have a strong influence on human health. As a promising approach to reduce the harmful impact on the environment and to increase the efficiency of thermal power plants, it is proposed to use composite liquid fuel (CLF) instead of pulverized and layerwise combustion of coal. The use of composite liquid fuels based on coal is promising for several reasons. First, as a basis, one can take coals of different grades, in particular, brown coal, the use of which as an energy raw materials is connected with certain difficulties due to their high moisture content and the tendency to spontaneous combustion, as well as coal mined by a hydraulic method, its small classes and coal sludge. Second, with the appropriate selection of components, it is possible to obtain fuel with specified properties and use it in various power units. At the same time, the use of CLF makes it possible to increase the completeness of combustion of solid fuel particles due to the effect of "microexplosion" of suspension droplets, while the maximal combustion temperature decreases here, and, accordingly, the emissions of soot, benzo(a)pyrene, and nitrogen oxides are reduced. The transition of coal-fired power plants from traditional solid fuel (coal) to composite liquid fuels will solve several global problems. The first is the utilization of a wide class of waste from coal and oil refining. This will enable one not only to utilize the already accumulated waste, but also to prevent the accumulation of waste generated again. The second is connected with the decrease in the concentration of anthropogenic emissions from coal energy enterprises (SOx by 40%, NOx by 20%), which will lead to the decrease in negative impact on the environment. The third is the rational use of natural resources. This can lead to saving the fuel costs alone by hundreds of millions of UAH per year.