Abstract
Early sports specialization is one of the objective trends in the development of modern sports and is associated with its general rejuvenation. Today, this has become a hallmark of complex coordination sports events, above all. Among the main milestones for the rational design of training are the age of sports engagement and the highest athletic results achievement, and the duration of training that preceded their achievement. Objective. On the basis of studying the biographies of the world best gymnasts, to determine the dynamics of the age of beginning of rhythmic gymnastics and achievement of high sports results, taking into account the objective prerequisites for sports event development. Methods. Analysis of literary sources and the Internet, regulatory documents, practical experience, competition protocols, videos, biographical method; generalization,systematization, methods of statistics. Results. 72 biographies of the world best gymnasts who ranked 1-10 in the1984-2016 Olympic Games were studied. The development of rhythmic gymnastics as an Olympic sports event may be divided into two stages: 1984-2000 (characterized by stable competition program); 2001 to the present(tendency to change competition rules every four years). The age differences in beginning sports engagement, achievement of the first successes, duration of training indifferent periods have been established: in 1984-2000 the age of beginning sports engagement ranged from 6.2 to 9 years, the average age of top 10 constituted 18.4 years, the average duration of training constituted 9-13 years, whereas since 2001 to date - the age of starting sports engagement ranged from 5 to 6.3 years, the average age of the top 10 constituted 21.3 years and the average duration of training constituted 15.1-16.6 years.From 1984 to 2016, the dynamics of reducing the age of beginning sports engagement to 3-4 years is observed, the age of demonstration of the highest achievements is 19 years, the duration of training has changed from 3years to 18. The average time spent by top tier athlete for training constitutes 15-17 years per career. Early specialization is due to changes in the competition program, complication of technical training and the needto learn technical elements from an early age. The age-related data of the Olympic champions and the top 10 best gymnasts confirm this assumption.
Highlights
Sports specialization is one of the objective trends in the development of modern sports and is associated with its general rejuvenation. This has become a hallmark of complex coordination sports events, above all
Among the main milestones for the rational design of training are the age of sports engagement and the highest athletic results achievement, and the duration of training that preceded their achievement
The development of rhythmic gymnastics as an Olympic sports event may be divided into two stages: 1984-2000; 2001 to the present
Summary
В числі основних орієнтирів для раціональної побудови підготовки є вік початку занять спортом та досягнення найвищих спортивних результатів, тривалість підготовки, що передувала досягненню цих результатів. На основі вивчення біографій провідних гімнасток світу визначити динаміку віку початку занять художньою гімнастикою та досягнення високих спортивних результатів з урахуванням об’єктивних передумов розвитку виду спорту. Вік початку занять спортом становив від 6,2 до 9 років, середній вік топ–10 – 18,4 року, середній стаж занять – 9–13 років; 2001 р. – до сьогодні – вік початку занять спортом становив від 5 до 6,3 року, середній вік топ-10 – 21,3 року, середній стаж занять – 15,1–16,6 року. Динаміка зниження віку початку занять спортом до 3–4 років, вік демонстрації найвищих досягнень приходиться на 19 років, стаж занять змінився від 3 років до 18. Ключові слова: художня гімнастика, вік початку занять спортом, вік досягнення високих спортивних результатів, рання спеціалізація, Олімпійські ігри
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