시유지를 활용한 공공임대주택 공급가능량 분석 : 서울시를 사례로

The supply of public rental housing is a policy in which the state can actively intervene to stabilize housing for the low-income brackets. The supply of public rental housing is stipulated in the “SPECIAL ACT ON PUBLIC HOUSING”. From now on, we need to reflect the social trends such as the increase in single-person households and the elderly. In addition, there is a need for a policy that can improve problems related to existing public rental housing such as the social exclusion of public rental housing complexes. Accordingly, the direction of improvement of the public rental housing supply law is as follows.<BR> First, it is necessary to establish a public rental housing supply policy that is subdivided according to the characteristics of the region. In this case, it is necessary to emphasize the role of local governments that can grasp the local situation concretely. Second, there is a need for an adequate supply of small public rental housing for single-person households. In this case, the quality of housing should be improved. Third, public rental housing for the elderly should be provided, preferentially in places located close to the area where they were living. And the elderly should be allowed to live near medical and welfare facilities. Finally, public rental housing can be secured and supplied while conducting urban regeneration projects. In this case, public rental housing can be supplied by utilizing vacant houses.

Public housing refers to housing that is built, purchased, or leased and supplied by a public housing business entity under the Special Act on Public Housing with financial support from the State or local governments or the Housing and Urban Fund. Public housing can be broadly divided into public rental housing and public sale housing. Public rental housing is divided into eight types: permanent rental housing, national rental housing, happy housing, and etc.. In addition, so-called public-private self-owned housing was introduced in 2021. Korea's public rental housing system has changed according to the policy regimes of governments on public rental housing, and with these changes, new types of public rental housing have been introduced and the supply of certain types of public rental housing has increased or decreased. And there were also changes in the name and legal basis of public rental housing. The integrated public rental housing type was introduced in 2020 to unify the various types of public rental housing and simplify the occupancy qualifications. Follow-up measures are needed for the establishment of the integrated public rental housing type. Meanwhile, there are doubts about the effectiveness of so-called public-private self-owned housing, such as accumulated equity housing unit for sale and profit-sharing housing unit for sale, introduced in 2021. And until now, public housing was supplied by the State and LH Corporation, but now there is an opinion that the social housing supplied by local governments and social economy entities should be revitalized. However, due to the nature of social housing, social economy entities will experience financial difficulties just like LH Corporation, and these difficulties will eventually be resolved only with the support of the State or local governments. However, such support for social economic entities would be a burden to the State or local governments, and therefore, social consensus on such support should be preceded. In addition, social conflicts are occurring due to the supply of public housing, and social mix policies are being attempted to solve this problem, but another type of social conflict is occurring as a result. Ultimately, social conflicts caused by public housing can only be resolved when there is a social consensus on the overall public housing policy.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to improving the nation's housing stability and the living standards of the low-income earners by suggesting an improvement plan for the supply methodology among the public rental housing systems in Korea.Chapter 2 established the concept of public rental housing. This part of the study systematically organized a total of 31 laws and regulations composing the current public rental housing system and further examined the transition process of the system itself. In addition, this study also analyzed the inventory and annual supplies of public rental housing that are currently available on the market. On that basis, this study presented three problems that are considered to be the most important among the other problems related to the operation of various public rental housing systems that are currently problematic to suggest a methodology to solve them. These three problems are as follows: First, the existing rental housing, 'jeonse', encourages gap investment. Second, there is confusion in the legal system in which the upper and lower laws collide. Third, the legal system is too complicated and excessive with a total of 631 articles. There are three ways to solve these problems. The first way is to propose a plan to partly amend a current law of 'Special Act on Public Housing' and suggest its main contents to make it less complicated and vast. This can be done by the enactment of a special law with the provisional title 'Act on the Supply of Public Rental Housing' separately regulating the selection and operation of occupants of public rental housing. The second solution would be the revision of the particular provisions. The provisions that are currently in conflict are as follows: Article 47, Paragraph 2, Items 4 and 5 of the Enforcement Decree of the Special Act on Public Housing, and Article 25, Paragraph 8, Item 1, and Paragraph 9 of the Enforcement Rule of the Special Act on Public Housing. The last way is to propose a method to convert the leasehold rental system to the housing purchase rental system since the current system is causing problems such as encouraging gap speculation among public rental housing available now.

BackgroundGlobally, public housing is utilized to provide affordable housing for low-income households. Studies have shown an association between public housing and negative health outcomes. There is paucity of data pertaining to outpatient primary and tertiary healthcare resources utilization among public rental housing residents in Singapore.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed, involving patients under the care of SingHealth Regional Health System (SHRS) in Year 2012. Healthcare utilization outcomes evaluated included number of outpatient primary and specialist care clinic visits, emergency department visits and hospitalization in Year 2011. Multivariate logistical analyses were used to examine the association between public rental housing and healthcare utilization.ResultsOf 147,105 patients, 10,400 (7.1%) patients stayed in public rental housing. There were more elderly (54.8 ± 18.0 vs 49.8 ± 17.1, p < 0.001) and male patients [5279 (50.8%) vs 56,892 (41.6%), p < 0.001] residing in public rental housing. Co-morbidities such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia were more prevalent among public rental housing patients. (p < 0.05).After adjustment for covariates, public rental housing was not associated with frequent outpatient primary care clinic or specialist outpatient clinic attendances (p > 0.05). However, it was associated with increased number of emergency department visits (OR: 2.41, 95% CI: 2.12–2.74) and frequent hospitalization (OR: 1.56, 95% CI: 1.33–1.83).ConclusionResiding in public rental housing was not associated with increased utilization of outpatient healthcare resources despite patients’ higher disease burden and frequency of emergency department visits and hospitalizations. Further research is required to elucidate their health seeking behaviours.

Modular construction, which involves factory-based modular unit manufacturing followed by installation at a construction site, has been recognized as one of the sustainable construction methods. Its advantages are known to be implemented through (1) standardized design, (2) standardized production method, and (3) large-scale development (mass production system). These three conditions are basic requirements for modular construction market expansion, but it is difficult to define that these conditions are a prerequisite for judging whether modular construction applied or not. Nevertheless, public development companies in regions or countries where modular construction has just begun thought that modular construction should meet all three conditions that are suitable for applying public construction projects. This is because it is difficult to compare conventional construction projects with similar conditions to modular construction projects. This paper analyzes the cost and duration data of three small-scale public construction rental housing (PCRH) projects involving modular construction in Korea. These cases presented herein include a public college student dormitory, public low-rise rental housing, and public mid-rise rental housing in small-scale development projects. Those were applied not standardized design (common design and regulation), but were reflected in each project’s demands (different design and regulation). To compare it, this paper analyzed 91 public housing provision projects’ construction data from 2011 to 2017 from one of the public rental housing provision companies in Korea. Among them, 19 small-scale public rental housing data were extracted for comparing with modular construction project data. The results show that, even if not standardized, the design and production process, and modular construction durations, were more effective—but costs were similar or expensive. Based on the conclusion drawn from three cases, this paper presents important considerations for the application of modular construction in other small-scale public construction rental housing projects from the perspective of public development companies.

Public housing estates are homes of many Hongkongers, which ties with the ‘collective memory’ of a board, basic and grass-roots group of people in Hong Kong. Though Hong Kong has a rapid development in many aspects, the demand on public housing stays in a relative high level due to many social reasons. For example, new immigrants from mainland China, who marry to local Hongkongers, this puts quite a loading to the public rental housing, which application is around 500 to 600 thousand of each from the total six categories.&#13;\n&#13;\nIn contrast, the investment immigration and also international investor also boost the real estate market that makes the residential flat much more unaffordable, which also resulted in higher demand on subsidized housing. This can be reflected in the breakthrough number of applications1 for public rental housing as announced by the Hong Kong Housing Authority (HKHA). The shortage of land for both the new public rental housing and subsidized housing, as well as the high maintenance cost to keep those old ones with relative low plot ratio, which resulted in great pressure of demolition and redevelopment. So does it means all old housing shall all be removed to suit the “development” of the city?&#13;\n&#13;\nTo ease the pressure of actual needs, as well as to achieve the vision and mission, the HKHA shows her effort on balancing the demolition and redevelopment of public housing with the rise of public awareness in heritage conservation. In view of the numerous hot protests against the demolition of Star Ferry Pier, Queen’s Pier, CGO West Wing, etc., and also the spontaneous interest group formed in the social-media platform, for the memories of the old public housing estate, the HKHA implement a series of program and activities to response to the public concern of ‘preserving the ‘collective memory’ of Hong Kong’s public housing’ during their planning of redevelopment in Shek Kip Mei and Ngau Tau Kok Estates.&#13;\n&#13;\nIn this dissertation, the different conservation approaches that HKHA has exercised in the two focus estates will be studied. The key research enquiry of this dissertation is about what has been done and the message delivered by the HKHA may have gone through an inevitable process, the interpretation and presentation. So what is the objective of doing all these conservation works from HKHA? Is it the goal or intention to help preserving the ‘collective memory’ of Hong Kong’s Public Housing? If yes, does it effectively achieve? What is the criteria and procedure that the HKHA has set up and follow? Who is responsible for the assessment? What makes the differences between the two cases and why? Is it because of the grading declared by the AAB or just because of the noise comes up from the public in particular estate? What should have to be done helping to guide the future conservation works of Hong Kong’s public housing?&#13;\n&#13;\n1 Number of applications and average waiting time for public rental housing, refers to HKHA’s website, http://www.housingauthority.gov.hk/en/about-us/publications-and-statistics/prh-applications-average-waiting-time/index.html.&#13;\n---------------&#13;\n&#13;\n------------------------------------------------------------&#13;\n&#13;\n---------------&#13;\n&#13;\n------------------------------------------------------------

Similar to many other countries, in Hong Kong, housing has long been a very difficult issue to manage. It is also one of the pressing social issues that the government has to face with urgently and tactfully. Given by the exorbitant high property prices and landlords increase their properties rent in recent years, the current problem in Hong Kong is a great deal number of people, especially the young generation, cannot afford to buy home or even rent apartment in private property market. Thinking despairingly that home-owning is an unrealistic dream, most people applied for Public Rental Housing as their last resort to be housed. This sort of thinking is somewhat shown by the growing number of applicants in Waiting List for public rental housing flats. The growing number of applicants, by and large, indicating the demand of subsidized housing has never been subsided and also meant applicants need to wait much longer for allocation.&#13;\n&#13;\nUnfortunately, supply of flats has persistently fallen short of demand. There has been no adequate increase in subsidized flats’ supply in the past few years. The number of completed flats in 2012 is really not comparable with the number of applicants in the queue for public housing. Even, by adding the 15,000 new units each year as committed by the chief executive Mr. CY LEUNG, the public housing stock still cannot effectively satisfy the overwhelming demand of public rental housing. In view of the lack of supply of new flats, there has been demanded that the Government should act creatively to provide more flats to ensure quick allocation. Under this circumstance, the better utilization of existing PRH stock is becoming more essential and important.&#13;\n&#13;\nIt is not hard to find from various sources that there are already many studies in evaluating the efficacy of the so called “well-off tenants policies”, such as the Housing Subsidy Policy, while little studies touch on the issue of under-occupation situation of public flats –an rather unfair phenomenon that the average living density of a household is more than allowed. Under-occupation policy is the policy implemented by the Housing Authority for maximizing the rational utilization of public housing resources so that larger subsidized flats can be recovered and reallocated to those in genuine needs and reducing unnecessary wastage of precious housing resources.&#13;\n&#13;\nIn view of this, the dissertation is going to evaluate the effectiveness of the policy on under-occupation implemented by Housing Authority. In order to response the criticism on the equity and fairness towards the under-occupation issue, the dissertation is also written with an aim to evaluate these aspects and explores with objective assessment by adopting qualitative research methods, such as surveys and questionnaires. Questionnaires will be dispatched to residents in various housing estates to collect necessary information and opinions for analysis the equity and effectiveness of the policy. Hypothetical analysis and literature reviews will also be conducted through comparing different related official publications and journals.&#13;\n&#13;\nThis dissertation is going to evaluate, based on empirical study and literature review, the implication and effectiveness of the policy adopted by Housing Authority to tackle on the problem of under-occupation of public rental housing flats and, with great ambition, make viable suggestions for the authority to cogitate and refine the performance of the policy.

Purpose This study aims to identify the significant exit barriers encountered by tenants in public rental housing and analyze the moderating effects of sociodemographic factors on tenants’ decisions to leave public rental housing. Design/methodology/approach This study applied a quantitative methodology. Questionnaire survey was used as its main instrument for data collection. Responses were gathered from 328 tenants in the Program Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) through stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling partial least square (SEM-PLS). Findings The findings reveal that housing availability and the exit programs by DBKL are the most significant factors influencing exit barriers. Tenant income also impacts their decision to remain, as available housing often does not match their income levels. Policymakers and relevant agencies should collaborate to help tenants increase their income, facilitating their transition out of public rental housing. Research limitations/implications This study is limited to the factors influencing the tenant from exiting PRH. Furthermore, the study specifically targeted those who rent public housing under DBKL administration may neglect the perspectives of other stakeholders, such as DBKL management, property owners and policymakers. Therefore, the findings are insufficient in representing tenants other than those under the DBKL’s administration. While the causes may be similar, the opinions and consequences would vary among other tenants depending on their socio-demographic profiles. Practical implications This research offers a more comprehensive understanding of the exit barriers tenants’ encounter in PRH. The results gained from this study will assist policymakers in developing a more comprehensive initiative that will assist tenants in exiting PRH. DBKL can effectively engage PRH tenants to provide a strategic departure mechanism for better solutions. Furthermore, DBKL can offer aid in locating cheap housing options for tenants who may have limited access to information on the availability of such homes. Social implications This discovery will also be advantageous for prospective tenants who have been on the waiting list for several years, eagerly awaiting the vacancy of units previously occupied by other tenants. Furthermore, residents who successfully vacate public rental housing (PRH) will need to be considered for incentives to promote the success of the housing pathway. This will lead to the attainment of the equitable allocation that has been identified as the primary concern of PRH. Originality/value This study seeks to clarify the exit barriers encountered by tenants in PRH and identifies the significant factors contributing to the low turnover rate of tenants. The study is relevant for DBKL and policymakers in promoting the success of housing pathways to ensure fairness and efficiency in the principles of public housing.

Like most of the developed cities in the world, Hong Kong has to prepare for the challenges of ageing population after decades of sweet economic growth brought by the baby boom after World War II. According to the projection by the Census and Statistics Department carried out in 2011, the number of people aged 65 and above will rise significantly from 13% in 2011 to 30% in 2041. While almost 40% of the elderly are living in public housing; and numerous researches suggest “Ageing in place” is the unarguable preference of the elderly for them to live with dignity and autonomy in their familiar community, this study is therefore focusing on two questions: First, whether the prevailing housing provisions and policies could facilitate ageing in place for the elderly in the public rental housing estates. Second, what is the way forward for successful and sustainable ageing in place in public rental housing in the coming era of ageing.&#13;\n&#13;\nThree key elements for ageing in place are identified including adequate provision of affordable housing; suitable “environment” meeting the elderly’s needs in physical and social aspects; and a living arrangement assisting formal care by professionals and informal cares by families. Empirical findings concluded that the accessibility of public rental housing for the elderly in the past decade was adequate. However, analysis on the trends of demand and supply for waiting list applicants revealed the potential shortage in future by reference to the lengthening waiting time despite the priority schemes for the elderly all along. The main reasons are the strong resistance to new estate development; and ageing of existing stock. A thorough research in the current housing policies revealed that the Hong Kong Housing Authority has implemented vigorous maintenance and improvements works; and numerous management policies in facilitating the aged people living in public rental housing estates. Their effectiveness was assessed through a case study on a representative old public rental housing estate viz. Kwai Shing West Estate comprising a questionnaire survey with a sample of 49 elderly respondents; field study on the estate facilities and services; and interviews with five knowledgeable stakeholders of government official, resident representative, elderly services providers and District Councillor sharing insights from different perspectives.&#13;\n&#13;\nCase study findings supported that the elderly were satisfied with their living conditions and community in public rental housing estate. However, they generally looked for better transport; more recreational facilities and open spaces; as well as social gathering opportunities to enhance their social lives. On the dark side, the social and community support services were inadequate as limited by the historical establishment and imbalanced allocation amongst estates. The current policies have also failed to identify and assist those “Hidden” elderly. Furthermore, the elderly were not much aware of the social services and housing policies fostering harmonious families. At last, the deteriorating trend of co-residence of the young and elder generations has been weakening the family support and increasing demand on social services of daily living assistance. Based on the empirical findings in my study, several recommendations on the way forward in enhancing ageing in place in public rental housing are attempted.

The purpose of this study is to determine the level of satisfaction among residents in public rental housing to solve the housing problems of low-income households. From among the various types of public rental housing, those with large differences in the physical housing environment were selected for an analysis of the environmental factors impacting tenants′ residential satisfaction. To achieve the study′s objective, the residential satisfaction of tenants in public residential housing in Seoul was researched and analyzed; results are as follows. First, the environmental factors impacting individuals living in public rental housing were described as the ″Safety and Incivility Factor″ (SIF), ″Physical Factor″ (PF), ″Facilities Accessibility Factor″ (FAF), and ″Equipment Factor″ (EF). Second, these factors were found to impact residential satisfaction of tenants in public rental apartments in the order of EF, SIF, PF, and FAF; they were found to impact the tenants of public rental general houses in the order of SIF, EF, PF, and FAF. These differences are based on the public rental housing type, which necessitates plans that consider priority improvement of residential environment factors according to housing types, to improve the residential satisfaction of tenants in both currently operating and future public rental housing.

There are more and more public rental housing residents in Chongqing with the development of public rental housing construction. However, because of marriage, fertility, change in jobs, educational issues, living with old parents, a few public rental housing tenants have to reconsider the objective public rental housing factors according to the variable personal requirements. Those tenants have to replace their public rental housing with new units of different sizes or of different communities to solve their problems. But it is hard to fulfill their exchange renting needs especially changing public rental housing among communities due to current policy. As the result of the situation, public rental housing resources should make a rearrange and reassignment to better meet the needs of public rental housing tenants and to make a contribution to the sustainable development of public rental housing. The data was collected by random questionnaire survey of three public housing communities of Chongqing and bidirectional market matching theory will be used to build models to analyse the problem. Based on the results of the research, suggestions and countermeasures will be put forward to improve the allocation mechanism of public rental housing.

This study attempts to estimate different characteristics of rent benefits generated by the low-income households living in public rental housing in Seoul by income level and supply type, and suggest implications of findings. For this purpose, rent benefits of people who resides in public housing are estimated by the market price approach using Panel Survey of Seoul Housing &amp; Communities Corporation and Korea Housing Survey of Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport both released in 2020. According to the findings, rent benefits provided by public rental housing are significant in relation to long-term public Jeonse (SHift), apartment complexes and, geographically, the southeast area where the market rents are relatively high. With regard to income, benefits are noticeable especially in low-income households, which confirms that public rental housing is a very effective tool for redistribution of income. In sum, the findings show that reduction in housing expenses and subsequent increase in disposable income, which can be happened by households moving into public housing, is expected to induce changes in people’s non-rent spendings and bringing in great value and life satisfaction.

Young-adult single-person households have emerged as a socially vulnerable group facing housing instability in Korea. To improve insufficient housing policies for this social group, we must evaluate existing policies and provide feedback in a timely manner. In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of housing welfare programs targeting young adults, considering the increase in the supply of public rental housing for them. This study estimated the effect of residing in public rental housing on the intention to achieve homeownership and the mediation effect of residential satisfaction by employing structural equation modeling. The results confirm the following findings. First, when controlling households’ sociodemographic conditions, satisfaction with housing conditions is higher in public rental housing than in private rental housing. Second, high residential satisfaction among young-adult single-person households residing in public rental housing has a significant positive effect on their intention to achieve homeownership through high satisfaction with housing conditions. These findings suggest that public rental housing is an effective housing policy and a stepping stone toward homeownership for young-adult single-person households. This study concludes by emphasizing the necessity for a public rental housing policy considering these policy outcomes.

Reflecting the reality that 70% of Korea's population lives in apartment, many studies have been conducted on CPTED's perspective on crime in apartment, but crime and CPTED studies in public rental housing are very insufficient and CPTED certification is mainly applied to private construction apartment. Therefore, this study analyzes the perception and physical status of crime safety of residents of public rental housing and private apartments certified by the Korean Cpted Association, and seeks ways to prevent crime and reduce fear in public rental housing in the future. The study focused on field and drawing analysis (number of households, type and layout, outdoor space composition and facilities), questionnaire analysis(socio-demographic factors, psycho-behavioral factors, fear of crime factors, recognition of crime prevention environment, etc.), and crime analysis (5 major crimes). To summarize the research results, in the case of the physical environment, the mainstay of private apartments is the cascade structure, and the complex consists of various outdoor spaces and community facilities. On the other hand, the main building of public rental housing was a corridor-type structure, and the degree of facilities was somewhat insufficient compared to the size of the outdoor space, and there was a difference between underground parking lots and community facilities. From a socio-demographic point of view, public rental housing were the most inhabited by single-person households in their 20s, which was found to have high demand for housing for young single-person households due to the concentration of public institutions relocated to base national universities and innovative cities. From a psycho-behavioral point of view, public rental housing were most frequently selected as reasons for low life satisfaction, including unsafe environments from crime and apartment design, which is believed to reflect the fundamental problems of public housing. From the perspective of crime safety, private apartments had high satisfaction with the visibility and number of installations such as surveillance cameras and emergency bells, but public rental housing had low satisfaction or negative perceptions. In the comparison of overall crime awareness and fear of crime by type, apartment residents who received CPTED certification had high satisfaction and low fear. The high response that it will contribute to the expected effect of reducing fear of crime and the improvement of apartment brand value is believed to provide implications for the expansion of CPTED certification in the future. This study was conducted based on the survey, and it is factors by identifying the differences in resident perception by item and confirming the positive effect on CPTED. However, since statistical analysis according to variable factors is insufficient, subsequent studies will need to supplement this.

Social stigma on public housing is a deep-rooted and unsolvable problem, places with large-scale public housing are perceived as concentration of unemployment and crimes in which outsiders are reluctant to visit those ghettos. Some empirical researches endeavored to argue social stigma on public housing can be abated by diversifying the tenure type, while UK government is a typical example in implementing mix tenure policy. However, the situation of Hong Kong seems different, social stigma on public housing is less apparent than western countries while living in public housing is sometimes perceived as fortunate due to low rent cost and good quality.&#13;\nIn Hong Kong, government has not adopted any mix tenure policy whereas mix tenure of public housing, mix of renters and owners, is an unintended consequence of Tenant Purchase Scheme (TPS). In order to understand why social stigma seems less apparent in Hong Kong, this research is going to examine, first, the situation of social stigma on public housing in particular to Lam Tin district where a place with high density of public housing and mix tenure, second, if mix-tenure can alleviate social stigma on public housing in Hong Kong in which the research area will be focus on the aspects of unemployment and security because public housing is perceived as concentration of unemployment and crimes.&#13;\nIn regard to the above research question, two sets of questionnaires were conducted to both residents living in TPS estates and private estates in order to understand their different perceptions on the unemployment and security of public housing, and thereby the survey result will be compared with the actual statistics from governmental bodies. Generally speaking, the survey analysis indicated that both sides of resident have apparent social stigma on the security of public housing while unemployment is less seen. What is more, it is interesting that the survey findings are different from the actual situation. Although residents believed that the crime rate is higher in public housing than private housing, there is neither positive nor negative relation between the variables of high density of public housing and crime rates.&#13;\nSocial stigma on security was apparently seen from the survey in which majority of respondents agreed with high crime rate in public housing, yet Hong Kong government is not intended to solve the problem as what UK government did because of its historical political philosophy and financial constraints. For instance, Hong Kong government is reluctant to restrict the private developers through mix tenure policy since it would affect the historical philosophy of free economy for Hong Kong. Second, governors are accountable to explain how the public money was spent, and hence government is sensitive on spending large amount of public money to improve the security service and system. In view of the political and financial considerations, it is believed that tackling social stigma on public housing would put at lower priority in government's agenda.&#13;\nLast but not least, since the survey data is only collected in Lam Tin due to time and cost limits, the findings are not extensive and could not apply to all districts of Hong Kong especially for those areas without mix-tenure. In this regard, to have a further analysis on social stigma of Hong Kong public housing, author suggested widening the data collection to conduct a more comprehensive survey.