Фізіологічні аспекти селекції пшениці озимої на адаптивність

Abstract

Goal. Ta assess the varieties of winter wheat collection on the basis of drought resistance in the initial stages of seed germination in the solution of sucrose, which corresponds to a pressure of 16 atm, and during grain filling by the coefficient of realization of ear productivity potential. To determine the concentration of the cell juice on the flag leaf of plants in the earing phase, and to establish the resistance of different winter wheat varieties to drought. Methods. Laboratory, field, statistical. Results. Varieties of winter wheat grown in collection nurseries were divided into 2 groups according to the level of productivity and direction of use. These included 19 varieties of selection of the Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics (IPPG) of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (Kyiv selection), and 14 varieties of southern regions of Ukraine (Southern selection). During the evaluation of varieties of the collection of IPPG it was found out that in the early stages of seed germination in the solution of sucrose, which corresponds to a pressure of 16 atm, the level of drought resistance of varieties of Southern selection was 7.4% higher than Kyiv. Over the past 3 years, the average concentration of cell juice in varieties of Kyiv selection was 2% lower than in the South ones. The strong relationship (η ± P95=0.74 ± 0.12) was found between the level of drought resistance of collection varieties in the early stages of seed germination in the solution of sucrose 16 atm from the concentrations of cell juice of the flag leaf in the phase of earing wheat. With a record abnormal heat and drought in the period of grain filling in 2019, the varieties of Kyiv selection realized their genetically determined productivity potential by a factor of 4.0 better than the varieties of the Southern selection. Varieties with the high coefficient of realization of ear productivity potential were selected: Favorytka — 4.6; Bohdana — 5.4; Kalancha — 5.8, and Darunok Podillia — 6.1. Conclusions. It is proved that in the early stages of germination of wheat seeds in the solution of sucrose, which corresponds to a pressure of 16 atm, the level of drought resistance of varieties has the strong relationship (η ± P95=0.74 ± 0.12) with the concentration of cell juice of the flag leaf in the earing phase of wheat. It was found out that with the record abnormal heat and drought in the period of grain filling in 2019, winter wheat varieties of Kyiv selection 2.5% better realized their genetically determined ear productivity potential. Highly drought resistant and highly productive varieties of IPPG are distinguished: Favorytka, Bohdana, Kalancha, and Darunok Podillia.