고대 로마의 연설가와 수사학 - 모의연설 교육의 의의 -

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This paper focuses on examining a certain general opinion that the status of rhetoric and the orator declined with the fall of the Roman Republic. Ancient Greeks and Romans were not excluded from the political procedure by speech and debate, while they had relatively liberal polity to other nations. As long as the ἀγορά or forum was an open space, its place functioned as the political center where the community members could participate rather freely. So the forum was a living place from which the democracy and the republic developed, and the forum itself, figuratively speaking, was a parent of the historical figures who had led their community with the eloquence, who had been role models and teachers for their posterity. The situation of Roman Republic is a typical example. In fact, the history of rhetoric entered upon a new phase, after the room for the free speech had become narrow in the postwar period of the late of 1st century BCE. As briefly discussed in this paper, the mainstream of rhetoric found its way into the school rhetoric in 1st century CE. Criticisms on the school rhetoric have a point that it taught only figure technique or it was far away from the real world. However the sophists in Athens of Classical Age already had been condemned harshly on that fault. On the other hand, the rhetoric of the period of Roman Empire since 1st century CE, provided abundantly chances to students for learning by declamationes which contained typical and historical exemplars to deliberate and deliver in training. The declamationes substituted partly for the forum. The students in the Roman rhetoric school were able to experience virtually res and persona which would be or would be encountered in the great Empire. Then they could grow up to manhood as civis Romanus. Rhetoric, even after the fall of Roman Republic, still had a significant role of education by making very Romans with speech and debate teachings.