전라남도 화순군 폐탄광 산림복구지 토양의 화학적 특성

The objectives of this study were to investigate soil chemical characteristics for forest rehabilitation and suggest management in abandoned coal mine areas in Boryeong City, Chungcheongnam-do. Total study sites were seven sites, and soil properties analyzed were soil pH, total organic carbon (TOC), total-N, C/N ratio, and available P2O5 (A.v. P). Average soil pH (range) was 5.9 (4.5～7.0). Three study sites (Samgwang, Shinsung1, and Shimwon1) showed lower soil pH than standard (pH 5.6~7.3) of Korea Industrial Standards (KS) for abandoned coal mine forest rehabilitation. Average contents of TOC, and total-N were 1.5% (0.1～4.7%), and 0.10% (0.03～0.23%), respectively. Five study sites where the collapsed time was less than 10 years (Wangjashingang, Wonpoong, Samgwang, Shinsung1, and Shinsung2) showed lower TOC level than standard of KS (more than 1.2%). Wangjashingang, Wonpoong, Samgwang, and Shinsung1 showed lower level of total-N than standard of KS (more than 0.09%). C/N ratio of six study sites except Shimwon1 was out of proper range (15:1~30:1). Average A.v. P (range) was 20.7 mg kg-1(4.8～63.1), less than other abandoned coal mine fores rehabilitation areas in Mungyong City, and Hwasun-gun. TOC, total N and A.v. P increased with elapsed time from forest rehabilitation, while other soil properties did not show distinct pattern. Betula platyphylla was planted in Samkwang and Sinsung where soil pH was less than KS standard. Because the growth of Betula platyphylla can be limited in acid soil, it is necessary to neutralize soil pH to proper level with some soil amendment such as lime or shell of oyster. Furthermore, TOC, total-N and A.v. P in early stage of forest rehabilitation showed lower level than proper to vegetation growth. Therefore it needs continuous monitoring of soil characteristics and fertilization for vegetation growth and influx from surrounding forest in early stage of rehabilitation.

The most basic purpose of this thesis is to recognize the relationship between 'energy, human rights and peace' through the energy education that young students received at school, so that 'democracy in action' for the realization of sustainable energy democracy, a common task for all mankind in the future. It helps to grow as a citizen. To this end, the specific goal set by this thesis is to evaluate the current quality of energy education services in South Jeolla Province, prepare countermeasures based on the evaluation results, and further improve the level of energy education services in South Jeolla Province elementary and secondary schools. Based on the SERVQUAL theory and combining with the personalized characteristics of energy education in South Jeolla Province, this paper constructed a 3-dimensional energy education service quality scale with 12 questions, designed a five-component Likert scale, It adopted the questionnaire Star online survey platform. A questionnaire survey was conducted by random sampling, then SPSS26.0 was used to analyze the survey results, and the quality of energy education of primary and secondary school students in South Korea was evaluated scientifically. Through the above research and analysis, the main influencing factors and gaps of energy education for primary and secondary school students in South Jeolla Province were clarified. Finally, a specific research conclusion is drawn, Namely, the quality of energy education service for elementary and middle school students in South Jeolla Province is average, and there is a large GAP in the final score in three dimensions of responsiveness, assurance and reliability, among which the largest gap value is the dimension of assurance. To this end, based on the research results, this paper puts forward specific countermeasures and suggestions, such as strengthening communication and feedback, improving energy literacy of primary and secondary school energy teachers in South Jeolla Province, and innovating community education models.

The objectives of this study were to investigate soil chemical properties for forest rehabilitation and suggest design and management in abandoned coal mine areas in Mungyeong, Gyeongsangbuk-do. Total study sites were 10 sites, and soil analysis particular were soil pH, TOC, total-N, C/N ratio, A.v. <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX>, and CEC. Because most of study sites showed soil pH from 5.0 to 7.0, it seems that soil pH does not affect growth of vegetation. But soil pH in Danbong1 was acidic (pH 4.6), so it is needed to improve with ameliorant such as limestone. Most of study sites is necessary to manage for organic matter and Nitrogen, because there sites showed lower value of TOC and total-N than general forest. The values of A.v. <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX> and CEC were good in most of study sites, so it seems that they do not have effect on vegetation growth. All of soil factors has no regression according to elapsed time after rehabilitation. TOC, total-N and A.v. <TEX>$P_2O_5$</TEX> among soil properties have positive relationship between each other. It is necessary to fertilizer for organic matter and Nitroge because of value in TOC, total-N and C/N ratio. The results of this study were analyzed only one time. So, long-term monitoring for soil properties is important for the correct forest rehabilitation and management.

Soil pH is crucial for the quality of the farmland and crop growth. The objective of this study is to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of farmland soil pH in Xinjiang (XJ), and to provide a scientific basis for soil improvement and agricultural production optimization. Based on soil pH data from XJ farmland in two periods, 2008~2010 and 2019~2021, geostatistical methods and kriging spatial interpolation techniques were employed to analyze the spatiotemporal changes in soil pH and to investigate the relationship between relevant influencing factors and pH over more than a decade. The results indicate that the spatiotemporal distribution of soil pH in XJ farmlands is uneven. Between 2019 and 2021, the average soil pH was 8.11, generally being on the higher side, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 3.85%, indicating minimal spatial variability. In the farmland soil of Southern Xinjiang (S-XJ), the average pH value was 8.17, significantly higher than that of Northern Xinjiang (N-XJ), which was 8.10, demonstrating a spatial pattern of “higher in the south, lower in the north”. Over the past decade, soil pH in XJ has significantly increased from 8.11 to 8.13, with a 0.05 unit increase in the north and a 0.01 unit increase in the south (p &lt; 0.05). Regionally, Altay saw the largest increase of 0.22 units, while Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture (Bortala) experienced the most significant decrease, dropping by 0.59 units. Furthermore, this study found that factors such as topography, nutrients, and irrigation methods all have certain influences on the spatial distribution of soil pH in XJ farmland, while variations in climate factors and fertilization levels may affect its long-term temporal changes. These research findings will provide new insights for adjusting and updating agricultural management measures related to soil pH regulation in XJ.

Abstracts of Nippon Dojo-Hiryogaku Zasshi

This study compared and reviewed Bronze Age tombs in South Jeolla Province and South Gyeongsang Province where a number of dolmens are distributed and the largest number of Bronze Age tombs were excavated and investigated recently and examined the regional characteristics and meanings of the tombs.<BR> The areas were divided into 6 zones based on mountain ranges and river courses, and each zone showed the regional characteristics of tombs. The Yeongsan River Valley Zone and the East Zone of South Gyeongsang Province showed relatively distinguished characteristics, and the East Zone of South Jeolla Province and the West Zone of South Gyeongsang Province in the middle showed differences but also interrelatedness due to continuous exchange along the south coast.<BR> It appeared that the concept of prestige goods was different in each zone. For instance, the rank between tombs is distinguished to a degree by prestige goods in the East Zone of South Jeolla Province but it is rather the size of the tomb that indicates the rank in the South Gyeongsang Province.<BR> On the other hand, there is a consistent difference in the relationship between each dolmen group and settlement. In other words, a dolmen group is matched with an individual settlement in many cases in South Jeolla Province where there are many dolmens whereas a dolmen group is matched with a number of settlements in South Gyeongsang Province where there are relatively less dolmens.<BR> In relation to this, the difference in hierarchical structure was also shown. In South Jeolla Province where there are many dolmens, the strata of ranks of persons buried in dolmens varies more or less greater. The statuses of persons varied in dolmens in South Gyeongsang Province where there are relatively less number of dolmens were estimated to be higher than those in South Jeolla Province, and the status of stone coffin tomb groups which keep a certain distance to dolmen groups appeared to be subordinate to dolmen groups.

IntroductionUnderstanding the pattern of species diversity and underlying ecological determinants driving a forest ecosystem is fundamental to conservation biology and forest management. Boreal forests play an irreplaceable role in providing ecosystem services and maintaining the carbon cycle globally, yet research attention remains disproportionately limited and lacking throughout time.MethodsBased on field measurement data from a large (25 ha) fully-mapped coniferous forest plot, the present study quantified patterns of species diversity and their determinants in Kanas of Xinjiang, northwest China. We applied linear regression analysis to test the effects of biotic and soil factors on alpha-diversity and local contribution of beta diversity (LCBD), and then we adopted path analysis to test the determinants that affected the species diversity index.Results and discussionOur results revealed that alpha-diversity indices did not vary greatly across different subplots, and richness value (between 2 and 6) was low in Kanas. Noteworthy is the discerned negative association between the average diameter at breast height (DBH) and species richness, suggesting that areas with smaller DBH values tend to harbor greater species richness. For beta-diversity, a higher value was observed in the substory layer (0.221) compared to both the canopy layer (0.161) and the understory layer (0.158). We also found that the species abundance distance matrix of biological and soil environmental factors were significantly correlated with species geographic distance matrices. More importantly, our results showed that average DBH and soil pH would affect the alpha diversity indices, and average DBH, soil Ph, average height and soil total Phosphorous would affect the beta diversity indices. Soil pH also indirectly affected the LCBDunder, LCBDsub, and LCBDcan (p ≤ 0.001), upon mediation of alpha diversity indices. Overall, our results provide crucial revelations about species diversity patterns in boreal forests, and insights that can support the protection of forest biodiversity in China.

ABSTRACTThis study was carried out during 3 different periods and in 24 various greenhouses. Average pH values of the irrigation water (7.61, 7.55, 7.29) and average soil pH values before fertigation (7.61, 7.57, 7.55) were measured. Average fertigation pH values were measured to be 6.80, 6.61 and 6.44. Depending on fertigation pH values, average soil pH values decreased at the rate of 0.52, 0.65 and 0.60 compared to those before fertigation. Although average soil pH decreased depending on acid doses used by growers in the greenhouse, this decrease was not sufficient. In conclusion, if growers fertilize with lower fertigation pH doses, availability of plant nutrients can be increased. Additionally, this may lead to less fertilizer use by increasing availability of fertilizers used in fertigation in soils that have calcareous and high pH values. It is clear that further studies should be done with this approach.

To identify soil fertility quality and its spatial distribution differences in Carya cathayensis stands and to guide farmers with fertilizer application, the main plantation area in Lin'an was selected for this study. In this study, differential GPS was used to locate and navigate in the field and a soil sample was collected within a radius of 10 m and a total of 189 soil samples were collected from 7 townships in Lin'an. Soil pH and status of nutrients (organic matter, available N, available P, and available K) were evaluated and their spatial distribution characteristics were revealed by geostatistics and Kriging interpolation. Results indicated that the average soil pH was 5.23 with 87% of the soil pH values in the range of 4-6 meaning soil was seriously acidic. The average organic matter content in the soil was 31.6 g·kg-1 with average available N of 155.40 mg·kg-1, available P of 14.04 mg·kg-1, and available K of 85.73 mg·kg-1. Soil organic matter, available N, and available K were abundant. According to the standard fertility grading for Zhejiang Soil (with first representing low content and fourth representing high content), soil organic matter was mainly in the third or fourth grades accounting for 54% of the soils and soil available N was in the third grade for 76% of the soils. Soil available K was more than 50 mg·kg-1 for 80% of the soils. Soil available P, however, was insufficient for 63% of the soils at less than 10 mg·kg-1 which meant the first or second grades. Coefficients of variation for soil nutrients were between 27.15% and 141.03% indicating that soil nutrients in the study area had different degrees of variability. Yield of C. cathayensis varied from town to town and had a spatial correspondence to soil nutrients. This study showed that stands were seriously acidic with soil organic matter, available N, and available K sufficient, but in most areas available P was insufficient to meet the growing needs of C. cathayensis.

Soil acidification is a major problem in modern agricultural systems and is an important factor affecting the soil microbial community and soil health. However, little is known about the effect of soil acidification on soil-borne plant diseases. We performed a 4-year investigation in South China to evaluate the correlation between soil acidification and the occurrence of bacterial wilt. The results showed that the average soil pH in fields infected by bacterial wilt disease was much lower than that in non-disease fields. Moreover, the proportion of infected soils with pH lower than 5.5 was much higher than that of non-infected soils, and this phenomenon became more obvious as the area of bacterial wilt disease increased at soil pH lower than 5.5 from 2011 to 2014. Then, in a field pot experiment, bacterial wilt disease developed more quickly and severely in acidic conditions of pH 4.5, 5.0, and 5.5. These results indicate that soil acidification can cause the outbreak of bacterial wilt disease. Further experiments showed that acidic conditions (pH 4.5–5.5) favored the growth of the pathogen Ralstonia solanacearum but suppressed the growth and antagonistic activity of antagonistic bacteria of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus. Moreover, acidic conditions of pH 5.5 were conducive to the expression of the virulence genes PopA, PrhA, and SolR but restrained resistance gene expression in tobacco. Finally, application of wood ash and lime as soil pH amendments improved soil pH and reduced the occurrence of bacterial wilt. Together, these findings improve our understanding of the correlation between soil acidification and soil-borne plant diseases and also suggest that regulation of soil acidification is the precondition and foundation of controlling bacterial wilt.

ABSTRACTSoil acidification is a significant problem in intensive agricultural systems, particularly in tea plantations. Guizhou province, located in the center of the karst mountainous region of southwest China, has the largest tea plantation area in China. However, the soil acidification characteristics in the tea plantations of Guizhou province, as well as their temporal changes, have not yet been adequately studied. Therefore, soil acidification and associated soil properties in the major tea‐planting counties of Guizhou province were extensively assessed, and the temporal changes in soil acidity over the past 11 years were also evaluated through long‐term and short‐term experiments. The results showed that the average soil pH in the tea plantations in Guizhou province varied from 4.08 to 4.87, with a mean of 4.47. The average cation exchange capacity (CEC), TEA (total exchangeable acidity, TEA), EH (exchangeable H+), and EA (exchangeable Al3+) values were 9.6, 3.7, 5.8, and 19.0 cmol/kg, respectively. Seasonal changes in tea plantation soil pH were observed in low‐ and moderately acidic soils but not in highly acidic soils. The soil pH values did not significantly change during three consecutive years of in situ observations but significantly decreased over the past 11 years at an average of 0.03 yearly. Correlation analysis revealed that the soil pH in tea plantations was significantly positively correlated with the content of specific amino acids, such as glutamic acid, arginine, and valine, but was significantly negatively correlated with certain soil physicochemical properties. The findings of this study indicate that soil acidification in tea plantations of the Guizhou province is severe and possesses distinctive attributes that should be considered for its effective management.

Meadow soil is a vital ecosystem component and can be influenced by meadow vegetation. Evaluating soil quality in mountain meadows subjected to different levels of tourism disturbance is essential for scientific research, ecological restoration, and sustainable management. This study aimed to evaluate meadow soil quality at different tourism-disturbance levels and attempted to establish a minimum data set (MDS) with compatible indicators for soil quality assessment of subtropical mountain meadows. We analyzed fifteen soil physical, chemical, and biological indicators in control check (CK), light disturbance (LD), medium disturbance (MD), and severe disturbance (SD) meadow areas in Wugong Mountain, west of Jiangxi, China. In addition, a soil quality index (SQI) was determined using the established MDS based on the integrated soil quality index. Average soil permeability, soil pH, available nitrogen (AN), available phosphorus (AP), and number of fungal OTUs were finally introduced into the MDS to evaluate meadow soil quality at different tourism-disturbance levels. The study found that the soil of the Wugong Mountain meadow was acidic, the bulk density was loose, and the nutrient content was rich. Additionally, SQI decreased with increase in tourism-disturbance level. The mean SQI values of the Wugong Mountain meadow areas were: CK, 0.612; LD, 0.493; MD, 0.448; and SD, 0.416. Our results demonstrate that the SQI based on the MDS method could be a valuable tool with which to indicate the soil quality of mountain meadow areas, and the SQI can be regarded as a primary indicator of ecological restoration and sustainable management.

Abstract. Lamichhane U, Ghimire P. 2022. Vertical distribution of soil properties and soil organic carbon in community managed forest of Siwalik Hill, Nepal. Asian J For 6: 91-96. Nepal's Community Forestry (CF) approach is globally recognized as an innovative and successful approach to forest resource management. Shorea robusta Gaertn. is the dominant tree species of Nepal's forest which covers 19.28% of the total stem volume of the country's forest area. Soil represents a significant terrestrial Carbon (C) pool and can play a significant role in mitigating global warming. Therefore, analyzing soil physicochemical properties and Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) stock is essential because they are key parameters for evaluating land use management systems. The present study was conducted in the Durga Mai Community Forest (DMCF) of Makawanpur District, Nepal, to assess the vertical distribution of soil physicochemical properties and SOC stock. Soil samples within a 1 m profile in five depth layers (0-20 cm, 21-40 cm, 41-60 cm, 61-80cm, and 81-100 cm) were collected and analyzed for Bulk Density (BD), soil texture, soil pH, soil carbon content, Total Nitrogen (TN), Available Phosphorous (AP), Available Potassium (AK) and SOC stock. Sandy loam was the dominant soil textural class reported throughout the study area. Average BD, soil pH, TN, AP, and AK in the S. robusta forest's soil in 1 m soil profile depth were found to be 1.16 ±0.07 gmcm-3, 5.78 ±0.62, 0.14 ±0.04 %, 5.94 ±1.04 kgha-1, and 104.20 ±19.66 kgha-1, respectively. The results estimated 107.57 ±3.06 tha-1 of SOC stock in 1 m soil profile, with 0.93 ±0.21% average SOC content. Further, average TN, AP, and AK were found to be decreased with an increase in soil profile depths. Similarly, soil profile depths significantly affected SOC stock and soil properties like BD, soil pH, TN, AP, and AK.

Stability of solid form Cr(VI) after being loaded onto hydrochar under different soil pH conditions

Grasslands account for a large percentage of earth’s terrestrial area. Soil is an important aspect of the global carbon cycle and plays a critical role in mitigating climate change. Due to poor land management, the grasslands have been greatly degraded, resulting in the grasslands becoming the most endangered ecosystem on the planet. Fortunately, there are several new techniques that can be implemented in order to help alleviate the negative impacts that the depleted grasslands have had on the earth. The Adaptive-Multi Paddock (AMP) grazing system is an innovative technique that has been introduced as a way to increase plant regrowth, improve animal performance, and increase soil organic carbon (SOC) levels. As SOC has been shown to be correlated to soil pH, there is potential for the AMP system to affect soil pH. To implement the AMP system, a rancher’s land would be divided into multiple small paddocks, and the cattle would be rotated between the paddocks more frequently. Non-AMP managed ranches include any ranch that uses traditional grazing techniques, such as low or high continuous grazing. The purpose of this project was to study the effects of the AMP grazing system on the pH of Alberta’s grassland soil. Soil samples were collected from AMP and Non-AMP managed ranches in Alberta. After the samples were separated into several layers, weighed, dried, and sieved, the pH of each soil section was recorded and analyzed. Using the data from the Albertan ranches, the AMP and Non-AMP managed ranches were compared. From this data, it appears that by using the AMP system, the pH was slightly lower across all soil depths. Soil also appeared to become more basic with each successive layer. Between Alberta’s four ecoregions, the average soil pH seemed to vary. In both AMP and Non-AMP managed ranches, the subsoil was more alkaline while the topsoil was more acidic, which could be a result of possible higher SOC concentrations. In future studies, the pH data from Alberta’s soils will be compared to the Saskatchewan and Manitoba data, which will represent all of Canada’s grassland soil. When the SOC data is collected, the pH and SOC concentration will be analyzed to establish a correlation. Ultimately, farmers might be reimbursed for the additional costs of adopting the AMP system because of the environmental benefits the system could have.