Особливості забруднення ґрунтів нафтою та нафтопродуктами: огляд

Abstract

Soil pollution is inevitable in course of oil extraction, transporting, storage, refining and usage of oil products. The affected soils lose their initial value and spread pollutants into the environment: air, ground- and surface waters, food chains. Effective environmental protection is impossible without reliable information about the state of polluted soil. An understanding of changes, which undergoes soil after oil (oil products) ingress, its ecological evaluation gives an opportunity to determine the state of the soil ecosystem and to select remediation measures, effective under given natural conditions. The article elucidates the influence of various oil fractions on the morphological, physical, physicochemical and chemical properties of soils. The regularities of vertical and lateral oil migration through the soil were considered. The oil pollution resilience of different types of soils was also presented. The reaction of live organisms: germs, mesofauna, algoflora and plants on the influence of oil pollution was highlighted. An important aspect is a generalization of approaches towards the evaluation of the ecological state of oil- and oilproduct- polluted soil because the threshold limit values of oil and the products of its refining in the soil are not established in Ukrainian legislation. Our overview showed that multicomponent oil contamination, its temporal transformation, cumulative properties, high stability and toxicity, variability of hydrocarbon contents, absence of the threshold limit values for most oil products, inability to take into account the ecological hazard of joint action of hydrocarbons, products of their decomposition and interaction with other substances, present in water and soil, require complex approach towards solution of the problem. The first important stage of it is the integral evaluation of the ecological state of the soil.