Эффекты учета неоднородности характеристик в ценовых индексах видеоигр

Changes in soil thermal regimes in cold climates have widespread impacts on hydrology, ecology, and the carbon cycle. The annual freezing and thawing index, which is generally calculated using daily temperature, has been widely used to estimate the freezing depth, active layer thickness, and the distribution of permafrost. However, continuous and reliable daily temperature data are scarce in cold climates, while monthly and annual temperature data are more readily available. If daily temperature data are unavailable, these indices can be estimated based on monthly or annual temperature data. In this study, we developed a resampling method for estimating the annual freezing and thawing index and compared the results with those produced by the existing methods. Daily temperature data with a 0.5° resolution over the Northern Hemisphere during 1901–2012 were used to calculate the freezing/thawing index, and then the monthly and annual temperature were calculated and three different approaches were used to estimate the daily temperature and the freezing/thawing index. When the monthly data were used, the resampling method produced the smallest relative error (RE) and mean bias error (MBE), and the largest correlation in estimating the two indices, compared to the two other methods. Although the annual temperature data usually underestimate the freezing/thawing index, the RE is still <5% over most of the high‐latitude regions. The results suggest that if the daily temperature can be reliably estimated using the resampling method, the thermal regimes of permafrost can be reliably estimated using modelled monthly temperature and/or reconstructed past monthly/annual temperature. These estimations can also be used to validate modelled paleo‐permafrost and its variations. Additionally, our results indicate that after the 1970s the annual freezing index (DDF) increased substantially, while the frost index (FI) decreased substantially.

شاخص قیمت مصرف کننده (CPI) و شاخص قیمت تولید کننده (PPI)، دارای مفاهیم مرتبطی هستند. روابط بین این دو ممکن است از نوع علی و یا غیر علی باشد. این پژوهش به بررسی رابطه علیت میان شاخص قیمت مصرف کننده(CPI) با شاخص قیمت تولیدکننده(PPI) طی دوره 1378:01 تا 1390:01 در ایران می پردازد. نتایج بدست آمده از روش علیت گرنجر نشان می دهد که PPI علیت گرنجری CPI بوده است. همچنین نتایج مدل تصحیح خطا نیز نتایج این آزمون را مورد تایید قرار می دهد.. نتایج مطالعه گویای این است که در اقتصاد ایران، عوامل سمت تقاضا نقش مهم تری نسبت به عوامل طرف عرضه دارا می باشند، گر چه دو طرف عرضه و تقاضا بر روند تورم داخلی که توسط CPI اندازه گیری موثر می باشند.

With the booming development of digital game market, Steam platform, as the world's largest digital game distribution and sales platform, covers a huge amount and multi-dimensional game data. In this paper, based on Python crawler technology, we collect and organize the information of thousands of games on Steam platform, such as price, ratings, reviews, genres and tags, as well as release time. By visualizing and analyzing the game price distribution, the correlation of ratings and reviews, the characteristics of genres and popular tags, and the trend of release time and other dimensions, we reveal the price structure of the Steam game market, the pattern of user ratings, the popular genres and tags preferences, and the development dynamics of the game industry. The results of this paper not only help game developers to accurately grasp the market pricing strategy, understand the positioning and audience characteristics of games in different price ranges, but also provide consumers with more intuitive reference for their purchases, and at the same time, provide academics with empirical research cases for the digital game market.

While the growth of total game market size slowed down and the arcade game industry started to shrink, the online game market keeps increasing, attaining 26.5% annual growth rate for the early 2010's. Korea's online game business is especially popular, so that the size is about US$ 4 billion, which is 64.2% of Korea's total game industry. In 2013, Game market size and online game market size were estimated to be about US$ 9 billion and US$ 7 billion, respectively. From a standpoint of sales, the game market in Korea (US$ 4.95 billion) accounts for 5.8% of the world game market and almost one third of the world online game market. Its growth rate is higher than that of the world game market. The online game markets in Korea and China have common characteristics that can be distinguished from other countries: two-sided market with very low switching costs. This paper is to study the important factors that affect Korean online game's platform competition. The authors empirically investigate network externalities by using various variables in online game industry in Korea. The authors found the number of games available in a platform positively affects its market share, while the diversity of games and generality of game rating had no significant impacts. The authors also found that multi-homing (or overlap of games) increases an online platform's market share when the platform is relatively new. However, multi-homing decreases market share when it becomes mature. Having done our empirical and academic analyses, the authors draw practical implications that may help decision makers in Korea's online game businesses.

This study examines forecast accuracy associated with the forecast of 55 revenue data series of 18 local governments. The last 18 months (6 quarters; or 2 years) of the data are held-out for accuracy evaluation. Results show that forecast software, damped trend methods, and simple exponential smoothing methods perform best with monthly and quarterly data; and use of monthly or quarterly data is marginally better than annualized data. For monthly data, there is no advantage to converting dollar values to real dollars before forecasting and reconverting using a forecasted index. With annual data, naïve methods can outperform exponential smoothing methods for some types of data; and real dollar conversion generally outperforms nominal dollars. The study suggests benchmark forecast errors and recommends a process for selecting a forecast method.

This study presents additional evidence on the convergence speeds of real exchange rates. Using median unbiased estimation, impulse response analysis and long horizon data sampled annually and monthly, we estimate the speeds at which deviations from purchasing power parity (PPP) die out. Both monthly and annual data have been used since temporal aggregation has been proposed as a possible cause of the implausibly large half-lives reported in the literature. Moreover, since reporting only point estimates provides an incomplete picture of the speed of convergence towards PPP, median unbiased confidence intervals are also estimated. The results show that the confidence intervals for the half-lives are typically very wide. Interestingly, however, the intervals estimated using monthly data are tighter than those estimated with annual data, though, they do not help solve the PPP puzzle. In fact, it appears that the point estimates of the half-lives obtained with monthly data are much larger. Therefore, on the b...

Vaccines can reduce antibiotic use and, consequently, antimicrobial resistance by averting vaccine‐preventable and secondary infections. We estimated the associations between private vaccine and antibiotic consumption across Indian states during 2009–2017 using monthly and annual consumption data from IQVIA and employed fixed‐effects regression and the Arellano–Bond Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model for panel data regression, which controlled for income and public sector vaccine use indicators obtained from other sources. In the annual data fixed‐effects model, a 1% increase in private vaccine consumption per 1000 under‐5 children was associated with a 0.22% increase in antibiotic consumption per 1000 people (P < 0.001). In the annual data GMM model, a 1% increase in private vaccine consumption per 1000 under‐5 children was associated with a 0.2% increase in private antibiotic consumption (P < 0.001). In the monthly data GMM model, private vaccine consumption was negatively associated with antibiotic consumption when 32, 34, 35, and 44–47 months had elapsed after vaccine consumption, with a positive association with lags of fewer than 18 months. These results indicate vaccine‐induced longer‐term reductions in antibiotic use in India, similar to findings of studies from other low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Quantifying global soil respiration (RSG ) and its response to temperature change are critical for predicting the turnover of terrestrial carbon stocks and their feedbacks to climate change. Currently, estimates of RSG range from 68 to 98PgCyear-1 , causing considerable uncertainty in the global carbon budget. We argue the source of this variability lies in the upscaling assumptions regarding the model format, data timescales, and precipitation component. To quantify the variability and constrain RSG , we developed RSG models using Random Forest and exponential models, and used different timescales (daily, monthly, and annual) of soil respiration (RS ) and climate data to predict RSG . From the resulting RSG estimates (range=66.62-100.72Pg), we calculated variability associated with each assumption. Among model formats, using monthly RS data rather than annual data decreased RSG by 7.43-9.46Pg; however, RSG calculated from daily RS data was only 1.83Pg lower than the RSG from monthly data. Using mean annual precipitation and temperature data instead of monthly data caused +4.84 and -4.36Pg C differences, respectively. If the timescale of RS data is constant, RSG estimated by the first-order exponential (93.2Pg) was greater than the Random Forest (78.76Pg) or second-order exponential (76.18Pg) estimates. These results highlight the importance of variation at subannual timescales for upscaling to RSG. The results indicated RSG is lower than in recent papers and the current benchmark for land models (98PgCyear-1 ), and thus may change the predicted rates of terrestrial carbon turnover and the carbon to climate feedback as global temperatures rise.

Information and communication technology (ICT) products are the core of the digital economy, and their classified price index plays an important role in the compilation of CPI index. This paper starts from the characteristics of ICT products that have a fast update rate and do not necessarily meet the unit substitution elasticity between products, and improves the traditional product price index model by considering the mismatch item processing and product substitution elasticity and chain drift factors to construct the Hedonic-SV-RYGEKS price index model in this paper. Using the weekly data of Jingdong mobile phone price on whale staff platform and the monthly data of notebook computer on magic mirror insight platform, after processing, a total of 1586 sets of mobile phone data and 136 sets of notebook computer data are obtained. By writing SPSS macro program and python program, the weekly price index of mobile phone and the monthly price index of notebook computer are calculated, and the ring price index and fixed base price index of mobile phone and notebook computer are compiled respectively. The chain ring price index based on model calculation is compared with the fixed base price index to investigate the rationality of the model. The results show that: Firstly, based on the principle of the quality adjustment model, the characteristic variables that can reflect the characteristics of the product are selected, and a Hedonic quality adjustment model is established between them and the product price. Through the actual data test, the model is suitable for fitting the price of mismatched products. Secondly, from the perspective of reflecting the elasticity of substitution of products, the evaluation criteria of the price index, and the adjustment of product quality, this paper constructs the Hedonic-SV-RYGEKS price index based on the Hedonic model and SV index, which avoids the incomparability of samples caused by the low matching degree of inter-temporal samples, and effectively inhibits the chain drift of chain price index caused by the rapid update of products. Finally, it is hoped that the research content of this paper can provide a reference for improving and innovating the processing method of mismatched projects in the compilation of price index.

Consumers play extra-role behaviours while actively participating in designing and improving goods and services, thus becoming prosumers. Modding, i.e. game modifications which aim at creating a new or improving experience for the players, is an interesting form of prosumption observed in the game industry. The general purpose of the study is to identify to what extent players are willing to perform game modding, as well as who and how may benefit from this extra-role behaviour. Qualitative research was conducted in the form of focus groups with Polish game players. Results of the conducted research allow identifying benefits for four groups of beneficiaries, i.e., players as mod users (game diversification, better customisation, higher quality of games, more realism of the game, fun and excitement to play a modified or a new game, prolonged games&#8217; lifespans), modders as mod creators (creativity, gaining knowledge about how to create a game, social affiliation and pride or career development) game developers (extending games&#8217; lifespans, updating, and renewing game, improving the quality of games, the opportunity to reach a wider audience) and intermediaries like cloud gaming platforms which share the benefits with game developers.Implications for Central European audience: The study provides evidence that customers&#8217; inclination to prosume may vary and is stimulated by specific drivers in the form of perceived benefits. Thus, the research supports Adam&#8217;s equity theory. From the managerial perspective, the current study provides useful, actionable guidance on how to encourage players to engage in real prosumtion in virtual worlds. Game producers need to learn about their customers&#8217; needs outside of normal exchange processes. Players shall be perceived as an inseparable part of the gaming industry, who deliver an extra value to the market by game modding activities.

This study examined the causal and quantitative relationships between the unemployment rate and the the inflation rate in Bulgaria. The statistical analysis studied the relationship between the two economic variables using monthly and annual data. A comparison has been made of the results obtained for Bulgaria and European Union (28 countries). An assessment of the equilibrium level of unemployment (NAIRU1 ) for the period 2000-2013 (annual data) and January 2000 – March 2014 (monthly data) has been performed.

This study aims to analyse the effect of Export Value (EKS_US$) and Exchange Rate (KURS_US$) on Gross Domestic Product (GDP) as a proxy for economic growth in Indonesia using multiple linear regression based on interpolated monthly data from annual data. In this paper, it is also explained about calculation examples, quarterly and monthly data interpolation methods using data from the Central Bureau of Statistics, namely Indonesia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for 2021-2022 at constant 2010 prices. Based on the calculation results, using multiple linear regression of monthly data for the 2018-2022 period, it shows that the estimated model has the best estimator, which is indicated by the variables used, passing the diagnostic test in the form of Multicollinearity, Heteroscedasticity, Autocorrelation, Normality, and Linearity tests. This indicates that the estimator value of the observed data is able to represent the random behaviour of the actual data. However, everything returns to the researcher, at which stage will be chosen is greatly influenced by various factors and considerations of the researcher. Thus, at certain stages and situations, it is very open to researchers to use data interpolation, especially on all data that has flow characteristics, such as GDP data, export values, exchange rates and others. Keywords: Interpolated data; annual data; quarterly data; monthly data; diagnostic tests

This article examines the gaming industry as one of the important niches that occupies one of the most important places in the world economy. The world's game publishers outperform some established corporations in economic potential, and even compete with business giants. It is noted that the gaming sector of the economy is associated with the production, promotion and sale of computer games and consists of a large number of specialties that employ people around the world. It is determined that the gaming industry is associated with the development of new technologies, namely the development of CPUs and other components of digital devices, which in turn serves as a powerful development of the economy. The article analyzes the clas-sification of games by access conditions and gives examples. The main players in the gaming industry market in Ukraine and the world in terms of gross turnover for 2019 have been identified. The value chain of the gaming industry is considered as six interrelated levels. The largest consumers of video games are countries such as the United States, China, Japan, where profits from the video game market significantly affect the state of the economy. An analysis of a number of problems faced by the gam-ing industry in Ukraine: game publishing, underdeveloped domestic gaming IT market, the outflow of highly qualified personnel abroad, piracy, there is no targeted legislation that would be related to publishing. The state does not regulate the publishing process and the localization of foreign innovations, although the gaming industry is a profitable business. The category of mobile games is quite developed in Ukraine. This is a very promising niche of the gaming market, which does not require high quality staff and modern technological base. The annual increase in the development potential of IT companies in Ukraine, the low level of competition in the domestic market and the significant number of graduates of the programming specialty provide opportunities for the growth of the video game market. It should also be noted about the promotion of e-sports, because every year it catches the eye of more and more new people who are potential consumers. So today e-sports is a huge media market, for many marketing companies it is a great chance to promote their products.

Digital Games Distribution: The Presence of the Past and the Future of Obsolescence

The effects of oil prices on the price indices in Taiwan: International or domestic oil prices matter?