ОСНОВНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ ТА ВІДТВОРЕННЯ ТРУДОВОГО ПОТЕНЦІАЛУ УКРАЇНИ

Applying the law of comparative advantage, the household production model of labor supply argues that it is efficient to allocate time of different members of a household between market work and home production according to their comparative advantage [Beeker, A Treatise on the Family, 1981]. This argument can be found in any standard labor economics textbook. However, social norms, customs, fixed monetary costs, and time costs of market work may influence the choice, and the family may decide that at least one member of the household must stay home. Ehrenberg and Smith [Modern Labor Economics, 1991, pp.233-34] argued that "...if a family decides it must have one spouse at home, it will find that its total resources are maximized if the primary household producer is the spouse who is relatively more productive there than in the marketplace." In other words, allocation according to the law of comparative advantage will be efficient. The purpose of this note is to show that their claim is incorrect. This note also derives the rule under which constrained division of labor within the household will be efficient. Consider a two person family (A and B). Each member has 8 hours to allocate between market and household work. Assume that the hourly market productivities of the members are w a = 20, w b = 17 and household productivities are h a = 10, h b = 8, respectively. Both members are more productive in the market than in home production, but A(B) has a comparative advantage in home production (market work). In an unconstrained case, it is efficient for both individuals to participate in the labor market. Now, suppose one of the spouses must stay home full-time, and the family specializes according to the law of comparative advantage. B specializes in the market and can buy $136 worth of commodities (17 x 8), while A could produce $80 (10 x 8) worth of commodities. The total amount of commodities the family may consume is $216. By reallocating their time (A in the market and B in the household), the couple could raise their total consumption from $216 to $224 worth of commodities [(20 x 8) + (8 x 8)]. Hence, in the presence of the constraint that at least one member of the household must stay home full-time, specialization according to the law of comparative advantage may be inefficient. In this case, the objective of the household is to find the second best solution since the first best solution, where both spouses participate in the labor market, is ruled out by the additional constraint. It will be efficient for the household to minimize the cost (compared to the first best outcome) of fulfilling the constraint. The constraint can be satisfied if either A or B stays home fulltime. IfA stays home, the net loss per hour is $10 while that for B is $11. Thus, from a cost minimization point of view, A should stay home. This principle can be generalized in the following way" If one spouse must stay home, it will be efficient if it is the spouse with the smallest net benefit (w~h~) from labor market participation.

The intuition underlying our analysis of these data is simple and direct. Each yearbook entry shows the proportion of female workers and the average wage of all workers. If mens wages exceed womens wages by a substantial margin we expect a negative association between the proportion of female workers and the average wage: the higher the proportion of women the lower the average wage. Applying econometric methods to large numbers of such observations permits us to obtain statistical estimates of the gender wage gap in Chinas urban labour markets. We seek answers to a series of interrelated questions. Do men earn more than women? If so is the wage gap large or small? Does the male-female wage differential rise or fall over time? To what extent can the wage gap be attributed to specific factors such as location economic sector type of ownership (state collective other) or educational attainments? What is the size and trend of the residual male-female wage inequalities which persist after we apply statistical controls for these factors? To what extent are women crowded into low-paying industries? (excerpt)

Modern labor market is very important in the economic system of society, shaping supply and demand between employers and employees, which, in turn, affects the level of competitiveness, both on a national scale and at the regional level. In this paper, the author analyzes and assesses the labor and employment market current state in the Jewish Autonomous region identifying the main trends in its development. Within the framework of the JAR labor market analysis and comparison with the Far Eastern Federal District and the Russian Federation labor markets, it has been determined the key indicators of its formation and development, namely: the labor force size; the number and level of employees by industries and types of economic activity, the level of education at age groups; the size and level of unemployment, the level of registered unemployment; the level of wages, labor migration and demographic situation in the region. The study of labor market in the Jewish Autonomous region over the past 7 years has made it possible to see its structural transformation and determine the main trends for its formation and development. The author has also identified main problems and imbalances in the JAR labor market: a decrease in the labor force size over the entire study period; the employed population reduction, including young people, with negative migration; high qualified staff shortage – both among skilled workers and senior management personnel, and other problems. It is concluded that without a well-thought-out state policy in the field of population retention, currently, it is almost impossible to solve the problem of labor resources and staff shortage in the Jewish Autonomous region. The article presents the factual material analysis, in particular: the labor market main indicators, employment and unemployment in the Jewish Autonomous region, the Far Eastern Federal District and the Russian Federation in dynamics for the period of 2018–2023.

Choosing time and time for work: Cross-national variation in paid work among married womenIn line with the theoretical perspective that the division of total work in society into production and reproduction is the central factor behind gender inequality in general, the very organization of reproduction work becomes the key to understand the variation in gender inequality among modern nation states. As long as other institutions, in this case either a public common sector or the market, remain highly subsidiary in relationship to the family with regard to reproduction work women have fewer possibilities to participate in paid work and gender inequality remains at a high level. Just as the distribution of resources and capabilities following from the class-based division of work on the labour market may be modified by political intervention, political decisions may modify the distribution of resources and capabilities that follow from the gender-based division of work. In the absence of political intervention, it is left to the market to determine the criteria for distributing work among citizens. In order to gauge the degree of subsidiarity of other institutions to the family, the distinction between participation and non-participation in market work, and even between full-time and part-time participation, has however to be qualified. All market work is paid work, but pure participation on the labour market cannot be equated with amore equitable division of total work in society. A loose attachment to the labour market, which is a recurring phenomenon in many countries, is in fact compatible with the continuing weight of the total reproduction work on the family. By using data from the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) variations in the extent of married women’s market work is examined in nine countries. The degree of subsidiarity of other institutional spheres to the family with regard to reproduction work is shown to be a phenomenon not confined to countries where Catholic religion has a strong foothold, or where Christian democratic parties have been frequently in government.

Disability is a development issue, with widespread poverty, inequality and violation of human rights. Recent estimates suggest that more than one billion people are living with some form of disability. Persons with disabilities are over-represented among the world’s poor, and significant labour market disadvantage helps maintain the link between poverty and disability in many country contexts. The costs of disability are particularly acute in low- and middle-income countries (those with gross national income per capita of less than $12,616), where up to 80% of people with disabilities of working age can be unemployed, around twice that for their counterparts in high-income countries. When people with disabilities do work, they generally do so for longer hours and lower incomes, have fewer chances of promotion, are more likely to work in the informal labour market, and are at greater risk of becoming unemployed for longer periods. The barriers faced by people with disabilities globally in accessing and sustaining paid work is a profound social challenge. There is now growing recognition of employment as a key factor in the process of empowerment and inclusion into society, and the role of interventions to improve labour market outcomes for disabled people is receiving increased international attention. It is therefore both vital and timely to increase understanding of the impacts of available programmes, in order to ensure that they are effective in delivering positive outcomes for people with disabilities and provide value for money. Although several reviews have attempted to summarise the existing research in this area, there are a number of substantive and methodological limitations to these reviews. Thus, there is a need to systematically examine the evidence base to provide an overview of the types of interventions being used to improve employment outcomes, to identify those that are effective and ineffective, and to identify areas in which more research needs to be conducted.

Over recent decades women throughout Europe have steadily increased their market work. Cohort by cohort, activity rates have gone up (Meulders, Plasman, and Vander Stricht 1993; Persson 1993). Particularly marked has been the increase in the labour market participation of mothers of small children. These developments have gone much further in certain countries, especially the Scandinavian ones, where the activity rates of women now resemble those of men, but the direction and pattern of this economic and social transformation are the same throughout Europe. In economic terms the transformation means that out of 100 persons in the EU labour force in the mid-1990s, forty-three were women (Eurostat 1998a). In social terms it means that in the overwhelming majority of households throughout Europe women are doing market work. Concomitant with the increase in women’s participation in market work has been an increase in their educational investments so that in more recent cohorts young women tend to bring with them as much human capital to the labour market as young men. But, in spite of the increased similarities between European women and men in terms of labour market participation and educational investments, their positions and the economic outcomes for them in the labour market differ greatly. The types of jobs held and the economic rewards to work show a very clear gendered pattern in all the countries, even in those where the participation rates and the human capital investments of men and women are very similar. Horizontal and vertical job segregation are extensive; women are paid less than men at given human capital characteristics; and female-dominated occupations are paid less than male-dominated ones (at given human capital and other job requirements).

This study aims to determine whether financial rewards, labor market considerations, family environment, professional recognition, and work environment have a positive effect on student interest in choosing a career as a public accountant. The population in this study is students at the University in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The sampling method used is purposive sampling. This research is study quantitative data with primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires through google forms. The total number of samples is 100 students. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the influence of financial rewards, labor market considerations, family environment, professional recognition, and work environment on student interest in choosing a career as a public accountant. The results showed that financial rewards and family environment did not affect the students' interest in choosing a career as a public accountant. Meanwhile, labor market considerations, professional recognition, and work environment have a positive and significant impact on students' interest in choosing a career as a public accountant. The implication of the results of this study that is the Indonesia Public Accountants Associate (IAPI) can give more many information related to the profession of a public accountant to the student. In addition, IAPI as a regulator is expected could guard auditor professionalism so that increase the perception of students in accounting majors about profession public accountants. That thing expected could increase the interest of accounting students in choosing a career as a public accountant.

This study aims to determine the effect of financial rewards, labor market considerations, family environment and work flexibility on interest in becoming a public accountant. This research is a quantitative research. The method of data collection was using a questionnaire instrument which was distributed online via google form . Distributed to accounting students of state universities in Padang City who have met the criteria. The sample used was 204 people using the proportional stratified random sampling method . Analysis of the data used is multiple linear regression analysis using SPSS version 25. Based on the results of data processing, it can be concluded that financial rewards, labor market considerations, family environment and work flexibility have a positive and significant effect on interest in becoming a public accountant. Keywords: Interests, Public Accountants, Financial Awards, Labor Market Considerations, Family Environment and Work Flexibility

In the past two decades, attracting highly skilled foreign individuals has been proposed in many countries as a viable approach to redressing labour and skill shortages arising from falling fertility rates and an ageing population. Within this context, international graduates - more specifically - have been deemed a convenient and advantageous source of skilled labour owing to their local academic credentials and experiences. The desirability of attracting and retaining international graduates has contributed to the development and maintenance of post-study migration and employment pathways in many countries to retain these graduates following course completion. Nevertheless, international graduates have received less attention than other migrant groups in the scholarly literature. This thesis aims to advance current knowledge of international graduate retention by systematically documenting and examining the labour market performance of international graduates who remained in Australia between 1998 and 2015.Australia offers an interesting case study to examine the retention of international graduates and their experiences in transitioning to the host labour market. In addition to being a major destination country for international students, Australia maintains a front-running immigration framework designed to provide post-study migration and employment pathways. Further, there is rich and readily available Australian survey data on the employment and career progression of its tertiary graduates that remains under-utilised. Recent research has generated preliminary empirical evidence collectively pointing to an unfavourable labour market position of international graduates in Australia. Notwithstanding, little is known about patterns, trends and changes to their labour market experiences against a backdrop of evolving socio-political and economic environment. In addition, limited scholarly efforts have been dedicated to exploring their labour market integration from a geographical perspective. In this respect, this thesis studies the temporal evolution of international graduate retention in Australia with a focus on the labour market experiences of international graduates following the introduction of post-study migration and employment pathways in 1999. It also examines the influence of geographic mobility in shaping the integration of international graduates into the Australian labour market.Drawing on the Australian Graduate Survey, this thesis revealed that the number and percentage of international graduates who remained in Australia with the intention to work increased appreciably between 1998 and 2015. Nevertheless, recent waves of international graduates tended to come from non-English-speaking backgrounds, stay on with temporary visas and lack work experience, all of which have been reported to contribute to disadvantageous outcomes in the Australian labour market. Consistent with prior studies, this thesis pointed to poorer labour market outcomes amongst international graduates compared to domestic graduates, including higher levels of economic inactivity, unemployment, part-time employment and education-job mismatch. Importantly, the relative labour market standing of international graduates further worsened over the 18-year period, with a clear trend of rising economic inactivity, unemployment, part-time employment and education-job mismatch.Using Blinder-Oaxaca regression decompositions, this thesis linked the deteriorating labour market performance of international graduates to compositional changes in their Australian citizenship and residency status and paid work experience, as well as changes in the behavioural responses associated with these characteristics. The recent influx of non-native English-speakers also played a role, though the effect was relatively modest. Gaps in the labour market performance of international and domestic graduates primarily stemmed from compositional differences in their paid work experience, field-of-study choices and, to a smaller extent, language background. Specifically, the analysis attributed the disadvantageous labour market position of international graduates to their relative lack of paid work experience, in addition to their over-representation in Management and Commerce and under-representation in Education and Health.Given their deteriorating outcomes, the thesis subsequently tested the capacity of geographic mobility to enhance the integration of international graduates into the Australian labour market using treatment effects regression models. The flexibility to move across labour market regions was shown to help reduce the risk of education-job mismatch amongst international graduates, after accounting for the possible positive selection of mobile graduates. No evidence of gender differences was found. The effect of geographic mobility, however, was conditional on the socio-economic characteristics of the destination labour market. Specifically, international graduates who moved to Melbourne were more susceptible to field-of-study mismatch due to the large labour market and large migrant population in this metropolis.The empirical evidence gathered throughout this thesis highlights a need to review and strengthen existing policies and interventions to help international graduates integrate into the Australian labour market. Specifically, approaches aimed at improving discipline-related work experience amongst international graduates and informing their mobility and workplace decisions should be prioritised. More broadly, the empirical insights into the integration of international graduates into the host labour market generated in this project constitute a stepping stone for future work on international graduate retention in Australia and internationally.

Previous articleNext article No AccessCommentary and DebateCircularity in the Dual Economy: Comment on Tolbert, Horan, and BeckRandy D. Hodson and Robert L. KaufmanRandy D. Hodson Search for more articles by this author and Robert L. Kaufman Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by American Journal of Sociology Volume 86, Number 4Jan., 1981 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/227321 Views: 6Total views on this site Citations: 24Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright 1981 The University of ChicagoPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Arthur Sakamoto, Sharron Xuanren Wang Occupational and Organizational Effects on Wages among College-educated Workers in 2003 and 2010, Social Currents 4, no.22 (Jul 2016): 175–195.https://doi.org/10.1177/2329496516651643Lesley Williams Reid, Beth A. Rubin INTEGRATING ECONOMIC DUALISM AND LABOR MARKET SEGMENTATION, The Sociological Quarterly 44, no.33 (Aug 2003): 405–432.https://doi.org/10.1525/tsq.2003.44.3.405Lesley Williams Reid, Beth A. Rubin Integrating Economic Dualism and Labor Market Segmentation: The Effects of Race, Gender, and Structural Location on Earnings, 1974–2000, The Sociological Quarterly 44, no.33 (Dec 2016): 405–432.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2003.tb00539.xJos� A. Cobas, Mikel Aickin, Douglas S. Jardine Industrial segmentation, the ethnic economy, and job mobility: the case of Cuban exiles in Florida, Quality & Quantity 27, no.33 (Aug 1993): 249–270.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01097152DAVID S. HACHEN Three Models of Job Mobility in Labor Markets, Work and Occupations 17, no.33 (Aug 2016): 320–354.https://doi.org/10.1177/0730888490017003004Mohammad S. 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Public accountants have an important role in improving the quality and quality of information in the financial sector. On the other hand, students' choice of profession as public accountants is still quite low, with quite strict job regulations and lengthy procedures, making some students reluctant to pursue this profession. Evaluating and analyzing the effect of financial rewards, labor market considerations, work environment and professional training on the interest of accounting students at Buana Perjuangan Karawang University to become public accountants is the aim of this research. As a research tool used multiple linear regression analysis method. Accounting students were used as the population, as well as the purposive sampling method used to determine the sample. Utilizing the help of SPSS version 26 as an analysis tool. The results of the partial hypothesis test show that there is a positive and significant influence on the factors of financial rewards, labor market considerations, and professional training on the interest of accounting students to become public accountants. However, the work environment variable has no significant effect on the interest of accounting students to become public accountants. Meanwhile, simultaneously (simultaneously) on financial rewards, labor market considerations, work environment and professional training there is a positive and significant influence on the interest of accounting students to become public accountants.
 Keywords: Financial Rewards, Labor Market, Work Environment, Professional Training

This chapter presents comparative empirical data on significant trends and developments in job quality in the United States and Canada. After discussing demographic, policy and institutional similarities and differences, key areas of job quality are compared, including nonstandard work arrangements, earnings quality, job polarization, labour market insecurity, work hours and overqualification and underemployment. Despite many similarities between these two liberal market economies, they exhibit a number of small differences in job quality and in the policies and institutions that produce them. There is evidence of greater levels of job polarization, earnings inequality, and long-term unemployment in the United States. A greater proportion of Canadian workers are in nonstandard employment arrangements, though there is greater earnings equality, labour market security and social protection in Canada. Distinct patterns of job quality connect to country differences in labour market, demographic and welfare institutions. For example, unions are more powerful in Canada as is the generosity of unemployment insurance. Despite these differences, flexible labour markets and weak regulation contribute to the rise in precarious work in both countries, pointing to the need for wage insurance, more generous unemployment insurance assistance, and more attention to active labour market policies.

Purpose. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the wartime period on Ukraine's labour market, analyse key transformations and imbalances resulting from changes in the socio-economic context, and identify potential ways to overcome negative consequences and support labour market stability in the conditions of a military conflict. Methodology of research. Scientific methods and techniques were employed to analyse the impact of the military conflict on Ukraine's labour market. The primary research methods included: analysis of statistical data provided by the State Statistics Service of Ukraine, the Ukrainian Institute for the Future, the United Nations Population Fund, and the United Nations Refugee Agency for assessing unemployment rates and other demographic indicators; forecasting based on data from the National Bank of Ukraine to predict possible future labour market scenarios; and analysis of social aspects to determine the impact of the military conflict on unemployment, population consumption capacity, national income, and other socio-economic aspects. Findings. It is substantiated that the consequences of the conflict have led to a decrease in Ukraine's population, with the population estimated to range from 29 to 34 million individuals as of 2023. It has been proven that the impact of the military conflict resulted in an increase in unemployment, reaching a critical level of 25.8% in 2022, but due to special rehabilitation measures, this figure decreased to 21.1% in the second half of 2022. The conflict has also intensified migration processes, affecting the distribution of the workforce and creating additional challenges in the labour market. It was analysed that post-conflict labour market reconstruction becomes a complex task, with many individuals seeking new job opportunities requiring requalification and skill development. Overcoming unemployment issues and stabilizing the labour market in conflict conditions require a comprehensive approach. Supporting businesses, increasing productivity, and ensuring stability can contribute to resolving these problems. Originality. The study has advanced the understanding of the impact of the military conflict on Ukraine's labour market, including significant workforce losses and the possibility of exceeding the number of retirees compared to working individuals. Approaches to overcoming negative consequences and supporting labour market stability in conflict conditions have been enhanced by promoting an inclusive labour market, considering workforce shortages, retraining, and increasing the representation of vulnerable groups in the labour market. Practical value. The research results provide a scientific and practical foundation for developing strategies to rehabilitate the labour market in the context of a military conflict. The conclusions of this article can serve as a basis for further research and the development of policies aimed at supporting the workforce, reducing unemployment, and ensuring labour market stability during the negative impacts of a military conflict. Key words: labour market, Ukraine, population size, labour potential, unemployment, economic consequences, labour market rehabilitation, migration, comprehensive approach

PROTOCOL: The effect of benefit exhaustion on unemployment

The debate regarding the economic effects of employing immigrants has attracted renewed interest in European countries since the economic crisis. We provide an approximation of the labour market effects of immigrant workers in four European countries during the global economic crisis after briefly analysing native and foreign‐born worker conditions for the most recent period. Our analysis focuses on the correlation between the stock of immigrant workers and the number of native labour market workers across several segments of the labour market using a simple model approach. Using Eurostat and LFS (Labour Force Survey) data, we estimate a structural dynamic model using the generalised method of moments (GMM) to examine adjustment dynamics in the labour market and labour market segment and worker educational levels, countries of origin and genders. Overall, the empirical results suggest that immigrant labour force effects on native‐born worker employment rates have been persistent and but weak throughout the business cycle. These effects are globally positive, and immigrant origins do not appear to change the nature of their impact. We offer some explanations for these findings related to dual labour markets and to differences in levels of substitution among native and immigrant workers.