Inequality in the Rewards for Holding up Half the Sky: Gender Wage Gaps in China's Urban Labour Market, 1988-1994

Abstract

Previous articleNext article No AccessInequality in the Rewards for Holding up Half the Sky: Gender Wage Gaps in China's Urban Labour Market, 1988-1994Margaret Maurer-Fazio, Thomas G. Rawski, and Wei ZhangMargaret Maurer-Fazio Search for more articles by this author , Thomas G. Rawski Search for more articles by this author , and Wei Zhang Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The China Journal Volume 41Jan., 1999 Published on behalf of the Australian Centre on China in the World at the Australian National University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.2307/2667587 Views: 322Total views on this site Citations: 73Citations are reported from Crossref Copyright The China JournalPDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:Felicia F. Tian, Lin Chen On tiptoe: Identity tension and reconciliation among Shanghai stay‐at‐home mothers, Gender, Work & Organization 16 (Feb 2023).https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12973Zheng Mu, Felicia F. Tian The Changing Patterns and Determinants of Stay-at-Home Motherhood in Urban China, 1982 to 2015, Journal of Comparative Family Studies 53, no.11 (Mar 2022): 48–75.https://doi.org/10.3138/jcfs-2021-0065Yating Yu, Felicia F. Tian Leftover or Individualised? Representations of Chinese Single Womanhood in Western English-language News Media, Asian Studies Review 2 (Feb 2022): 1–17.https://doi.org/10.1080/10357823.2021.2023095Shuaizhang Feng, Naijia Guo Labor market dynamics in urban China and the role of the state sector, Journal of Comparative Economics 49, no.44 (Dec 2021): 918–932.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2021.04.002Jia Wang, Raymond Sin-Kwok Wong Gender-oriented statistical discrimination: Aggregate fertility, economic sector, and earnings among young Chinese workers, Research in Social Stratification and Mobility 74 (Aug 2021): 100622.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rssm.2021.100622Juhua Yang Women in China Moving Forward: Progress, Challenges and Reflections, Social Inclusion 8, no.22 (Apr 2020): 23.https://doi.org/10.17645/si.v8i2.2690Stephanie Seguino Engendering Macroeconomic Theory and Policy, Feminist Economics 26, no.22 (May 2019): 27–61.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1609691Denise Hare Decomposing growth in the gender wage gap in urban China: 1989–2011, Economics of Transition and Institutional Change (Apr 2019).https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12222Iga Magda, Katarzyna Sałach Gender Pay Gap Patterns in Domestic and Foreign-Owned Firms, SSRN Electronic Journal 15 (Jan 2019).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3415798Tabitha Knight Sex-Disaggregated Employment and Public Spending in China, Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 47, no.11 (Mar 2019): 71–102.https://doi.org/10.1177/186810261804700103Xiang Wei, Emily Ma, Pengfei Wang Leisure participation patterns and gender wage gap—evidence from Chinese manufacturing industry, China Finance and Economic Review 5, no.11 (Feb 2017).https://doi.org/10.1186/s40589-017-0046-2ALMAS HESHMATI, BIWEI SU ANALYSIS OF GENDER WAGE DIFFERENTIAL IN CHINA’S URBAN LABOR MARKET, The Singapore Economic Review 62, no.0202 (Jun 2017): 423–445.https://doi.org/10.1142/S021759081550071XAhu Tatli, Mustafa Bilgehan Ozturk, Hong Seng Woo Individualization and Marketization of Responsibility for Gender Equality: The Case of Female Managers in China, Human Resource Management 56, no.33 (Jan 2016): 407–430.https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21776Li Li, Li-Jung Liang, Chunqing Lin, Guoping Ji, Yongkang Xiao Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms Among HIV-Positive Concordant and Discordant Heterosexual Couples in China, Psychology of Women Quarterly 41, no.11 (Mar 2017): 89–99.https://doi.org/10.1177/0361684316671302Zhen Li, Zai Liang Gender and job mobility among rural to urban temporary migrants in the Pearl River Delta in China, Urban Studies 53, no.1616 (Jul 2016): 3455–3471.https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015615747Zheng Mu, Yu Xie 'Motherhood penalty' and 'fatherhood premium'? Fertility effects on parents in China, Demographic Research 35 (Nov 2016): 1373–1410.https://doi.org/10.4054/DemRes.2016.35.47Tabitha Knight Women and the Chinese Labor Market: Recent Patterns and Future Possibilities, The Chinese Economy 49, no.33 (May 2016): 213–227.https://doi.org/10.1080/10971475.2016.1159907Liangshu Qi, Xiao-yuan Dong Unpaid Care Work's Interference with Paid Work and the Gender Earnings Gap in China, Feminist Economics 22, no.22 (May 2015): 143–167.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2015.1025803Can Cui, Pieter Hooimeijer, Stan Geertman, Yingxia Pu Residential Distribution of the Emergent Class of Skilled Migrants in Nanjing, Housing Studies 30, no.88 (Apr 2015): 1235–1256.https://doi.org/10.1080/02673037.2015.1013094Wei Chi, Bo Li Trends in China’s gender employment and pay gap: Estimating gender pay gaps with employment selection, Journal of Comparative Economics 42, no.33 (Aug 2014): 708–725.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jce.2013.06.008Zhiming Cheng, Haining Wang Do neighbourhoods have effects on wages? A study of migrant workers in urban China, Habitat International 38 (Apr 2013): 222–231.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2012.07.002Zhihong Chen, Ying Ge, Huiwen Lai, Chi Wan Globalization and Gender Wage Inequality in China, World Development 44 (Apr 2013): 256–266.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.11.007Xiangyi Zhou, Jie Zhang, Xuetao Song Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from 19,130 Resumes in China, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2013).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2195840Brian N. Rutherford, Yujie Wei, JungKun Park, Won-Moo Hur Increasing Job Performance and Reducing Turnover: An Examination of Female Chinese Salespeople, The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice 20, no.44 (Nov 2012): 423–436.https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679200405JOHANNA RICKNE GENDER AND WORK COMPENSATION IN CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL SECTOR, Review of Income and Wealth 58, no.22 (Jan 2012): 307–329.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2011.00489.xSarah Cook, Xiao‐yuan Dong Harsh Choices: Chinese Women's Paid Work and Unpaid Care Responsibilities under Economic Reform, (Mar 2012): 73–91.https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118297261.ch4Sylvie Démurger, Shi Li, Juan Yang Earnings differentials between the public and private sectors in China: Exploring changes for urban local residents in the 2000s, China Economic Review 23, no.11 (Mar 2012): 138–153.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2011.08.007Sarah Cook, Xiao-yuan Dong Harsh Choices: Chinese Women's Paid Work and Unpaid Care Responsibilities under Economic Reform, Development and Change 42, no.44 (Sep 2011): 947–965.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-7660.2011.01721.xStephanie Seguino Gender, Distribution, and Balance of Payments Constrained Growth in Developing Countries, Review of Political Economy 22, no.33 (Jul 2010): 373–404.https://doi.org/10.1080/09538259.2010.491285Tania Angeloff La Chine au travail (1980-2009) : emploi, genre et migrations, Travail, genre et sociétés n° 23, no.11 (Mar 2010): 79–102.https://doi.org/10.3917/tgs.023.0079Juan Yang, Sylvie Démurger, Shi Li Earnings Differentials between the Public and the Private Sectors in China: Explaining Changing Trends for Urban Locals in the 2000s, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2010).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1731548Russell Smyth, Ingrid Nielsen, Xiaolei Qian What determines employer willingness to “top up” social insurance?, International Journal of Manpower 30, no.66 (Sep 2009): 512–528.https://doi.org/10.1108/01437720910988957Kang-yin Lu, Pan Hu, Li Zhang Gender differentials in wage and employment opportunity in urban labor market, (Sep 2009): 2110–2116.https://doi.org/10.1109/ICMSE.2009.5318870Feinian Chen Family division in China's transitional economy, Population Studies 63, no.11 (Jan 2009): 53–69.https://doi.org/10.1080/00324720802541658Xiao-yuan Dong, Liqin Zhang Economic transition and gender differentials in wages and productivity: Evidence from Chinese manufacturing enterprises, Journal of Development Economics 88, no.11 (Jan 2009): 144–156.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.02.006Carrie Liu Currier The Gendered Effects of Market Reforms, (Jan 2009): 25–43.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230620155_3Jie Shen, Xin Deng Gender wage inequality in the transitional Chinese economy: A critical review of post-reform research, Journal of Organisational Transformation & Social Change 5, no.22 (Sep 2013): 109–127.https://doi.org/10.1386/jots.5.2.109_1Meiyan Wang, Fang Cai Gender Earnings Differential in Urban China, Review of Development Economics 12, no.22 (May 2008): 442–454.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9361.2008.00450.xLiqin Zhang, Xiao-Yuan Dong Male-female wage discrimination in Chinese industry Investigation using firm-level data1, Economics of Transition 16, no.11 (Dec 2007): 85–112.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0351.2007.00317.xJean-Louis Arcand, Kelly Labart Santé et salaires : une estimation en variables instrumentales sur un panel de travailleurs chinois, Économie & prévision n° 186, no.55 (Jan 2008): 89.https://doi.org/10.3917/ecop.186.0089Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James Hughes, Dandan Zhang An Ocean formed from one hundred rivers: the effects of ethnicity, gender, marriage, and location on labor force participation in urban China, Feminist Economics 13, no.3-43-4 (Jul 2007): 159–187.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700701439424Elissa Braunstein, Mark Brenner Foreign direct investment and gendered wages in urban China, Feminist Economics 13, no.3-43-4 (Jul 2007): 213–237.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700701439432Fiona MacPhail, Xiao-yuan Dong Women's market work and household status in rural China: Evidence from Jiangsu and Shandong in the late 1990s, Feminist Economics 13, no.3-43-4 (Jul 2007): 93–124.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700701439457Jieyu Liu Gender dynamics and redundancy in urban China, Feminist Economics 13, no.3-43-4 (Jul 2007): 125–158.https://doi.org/10.1080/13545700701445322Ying Chu Ng GENDER EARNINGS DIFFERENTIALS AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN URBAN CHINA, 1988?97, Review of Income and Wealth 53, no.11 (Mar 2007): 148–166.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2007.00221.xSylvie DÉMURGER, Martin FOURNIER, Yi CHEN THE EVOLUTION OF GENDER EARNINGS GAPS AND DISCRIMINATION IN URBAN CHINA, 1988-95, The Developing Economies 45, no.11 (Feb 2007): 97–121.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1049.2007.00031.xSharon Moore, Julie Jie Wen Sharon Moore and Julie Jie Wen, (Jan 2007): 31–49.https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230590441_3Stephanie Seguino, Caren Grown Gender equity and globalization: macroeconomic policy for developing countries, Journal of International Development 18, no.88 (Jan 2006): 1081–1104.https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1295Yvonne Turner Swinging open or slamming shut? The implications of China’s open‐door policy for women, educational choice and work, Journal of Education and Work 19, no.11 (Feb 2006): 47–65.https://doi.org/10.1080/13639080500522986Sylvie Démurger, Martin Fournier, Yi Chen The Evolution of Gender Earnings Gaps and Discrimination in Urban China: 1988-1995, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2006).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.606382Wei Xu, Kok-Chiang Tan, Guixin Wang Segmented Local Labor Markets in Postreform China: Gender Earnings Inequality in the Case of Two Towns in Zhejiang Province, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 38, no.11 (Jul 2016): 85–109.https://doi.org/10.1068/a37295Carol A. McKeen Gender Roles: An Examination of the Hopes and Expectations of the Next Generation of Managers in Canada and China, Sex Roles 52, no.7-87-8 (Apr 2005): 533–546.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-005-3719-5Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James W. Hughes, Dandan Zhang Economic Reform and Changing Patterns of Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2005).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.904002Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James W. Hughes, Dandan Zhang A Comparison of Reform-Era Labor Force Participation Rates of China's Ethnic Minorities and Han Majority, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2005).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.904361Ying Chu Ng Economic development, human capital, and gender earnings differentials in China, Economics of Education Review 23, no.66 (Dec 2004): 587–603.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econedurev.2004.03.004Gail Hershatter State of the Field: Women in China's Long Twentieth Century, The Journal of Asian Studies 63, no.44 (Mar 2007): 991–1065.https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911804002396Margaret Maurer-Fazio, Ngan Dinh Differential rewards to, and contributions of, education in urban China's segmented labor markets, Pacific Economic Review 9, no.33 (Oct 2004): 173–189.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0106.2004.00243.xXiao-Yuan Dong, Fiona MacPhail, Paul Bowles, Samuel P.S. Ho Gender Segmentation at Work in China's Privatized Rural Industry: Some Evidence from Shandong and Jiangsu, World Development 32, no.66 (Jun 2004): 979–998.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.10.011Belton M. Fleisher, Xiaojun Wang Skill differentials, return to schooling, and market segmentation in a transition economy: the case of Mainland China, Journal of Development Economics 73, no.11 (Feb 2004): 315–328.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2002.12.002Linxiu ZHANG, Alan DE BRAUW, Scott ROZELLE China's rural labor market development and its gender implications, China Economic Review 15, no.22 (Jan 2004): 230–247.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chieco.2004.03.003Canfei He, Patricia Gober Gendering Interprovincial Migration in China , International Migration Review 37, no.44 (Jul 2018): 1220–1251.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00176.xC. Cindy Fan Rural‐urban migration and gender division of labor in transitional China, International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 27, no.11 (May 2003): 24–47.https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2427.00429Margaret Maurer-Fazio, Ngan Dinh Differential Rewards to, and Contributions of, Education in Urban China's Segmented Labor Markets, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2003).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.346505Thomas G. Rawski Recent Developments in China's Labour Economy, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2003).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.907450Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James Hughes The Effects of Market Liberalization on the Relative Earnings of Chinese Women, Journal of Comparative Economics 30, no.44 (Dec 2002): 709–731.https://doi.org/10.1006/jcec.2002.1802Xiao-yuan Dong, Paul Bowles Segmentation and discrimination in China's emerging industrial labor market, China Economic Review 13, no.2-32-3 (Jan 2002): 170–196.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1043-951X(02)00057-3Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James W. Hughes The Effects of Market Liberalization on the Relative Earnings of Chinese Women, SSRN Electronic Journal (Jan 2002).https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.313190C Cindy Fan Migration and Labor-Market Returns in Urban China: Results from a Recent Survey in Guangzhou, Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 33, no.33 (Dec 2016): 479–508.https://doi.org/10.1068/a33150Nailin Bu, Carol A. McKeen Work and family expectations of the future managers and professionals of Canada and China, Journal of Managerial Psychology 15, no.88 (Dec 2000): 771–794.https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940010379341C. Cindy Fan Migration in a Socialist Transitional Economy: Heterogeneity, Socioeconomic and Spatial Characteristics of Migrants in China and Guangdong Province , International Migration Review 33, no.44 (Jun 2018): 954–987.https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839903300406Paul Bowles, Xiao-yuan Dong Globalisation, ‘Chinese Walls’ and Industrial Labour, IDS Bulletin 30, no.44 (Oct 1999): 94–105.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.1999.mp30004011.xSarah Cook, Margaret Maurer‐Fazio Introduction, Journal of Development Studies 35, no.33 (Feb 1999): 1–15.https://doi.org/10.1080/00220389908422571Yang Juan, Sylvie Démurger, Li Shi, Shi Li, Hiroshi Sato, Terry Sicular Do Employees in the Public Sector Still Enjoy Earnings Advantages?, (): 332–361.https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139035057.011