Преемственность суфийских традиций тарикатов Ясавийа и Накшбандийа после XIV в.

Abstract

The article is devoted to the analysis of historical evolution of the Yasaviya and Naqshbandiya tariqas in the period after the 14th century in the territory of the Golden Horde. The main purpose of the work is to show the continuity in the spiritual traditions of the two tariqas based on the common origins of silsila. The unity lies not only in common roots, but also in the reliance on the classical Sharia law. Many studies are based on the analysis of the ritual practice of zikr. During the period of the Golden Horde, zikr in both tariqas was carried out in two ways – aloud or silently. The disputes of researchers about the difference in the ritual practice are justified, since in the later period, the followers of Naqshbandiya tended to support the practice of silent zikr. Both Sufi groups had a great influence on the popular culture in the Middle Ages. Through the example of the risolya of Sart artisans, a conclusion is made about the fusion of Sufi mentoring with the folk traditions of the Turks of Central Asia. The author also considers the issue of the emergence of ishanism from the tradition of hereditary shaikhship in Yasaviya and the continuation of this phenomenon in the Naqshbandiya tariqa.