프랑스혁명기 형제애, 코스모폴리타니즘, 전쟁 - 애국파 성직자 클로드 포셰(Claude Fauchet)의 사상을 중심으로 -

Abstract

This article examines the nature and meaning of ‘fraternity,’ the third word of the French Republican slogan’ liberty, equality, fraternity,’ through the thought of Claude Fauchet, a patriotic priest, constitutional bishop, and deputy of the Legislative Assembly and the National Convention during the French Revolution. For Fauchet, one of the most popular and influential figures between 1789 and early 1792, ‘fraternity’ was a political slogan and goal and religious order. For Fauchet, the fraternity was most notably the comradeship of brothers symbolized by the victims of the fall of the Bastille, those who resisted to death tyranny and aristocracy. Thus, ‘fraternity’ was a slogan symbolizing the struggle for freedom and an appeal for ‘self-sacrifice’ among brothers. However, for the priest Fauchet, ‘fraternity’ was also a universal value that should be enjoyed by all human beings as creatures of God and by human beings on earth who by nature love each other. This universal fraternity was a way toward a consequence of realizing freedom and equality for all humankind across all borders. However, given that this freedom and equality was a product of militant fraternity, as exemplified by this French example, a universal fraternity was neither philanthropy nor an abstract love of humanity. Thus, universal fraternity as a gift from God and a principle that precedes freedom and equality and can give birth to them was closely linked with a militant fraternity. Moreover, this universal fraternity coexisted with the intense patriotism of the French people as the eldest brother and forerunner of the liberation of humankind.BR It cannot be argued that the declaration of war on the outside world defined as a counterrevolution was an inevitable result of revolutionary fraternity as a union between militant fraternity and universal fraternity. There were more complex and realistic external factors and individual subjects’ choices and wills between fraternity and war. In the end, however, Fauchet’s fraternity was too easily transformed into the ideology of offensive war in the face of the frenzy of pro-war arguments.