СОЦІАЛЬНЕ ВІДТОРГНЕННЯ ПЕНСІОНЕРІВ: ДОВОЄННИЙ СТАН ТА ЗМІНИ ВНАСЛІДОК ВІЙНИ

Abstract

The article is devoted to the study of the problem of measurement and prevalence of social exclusion among pensioners in the pre-war period and the changes that took place under the influence of the war. The assessment of the level of social exclusion was carried out according to its four key types: economic, political, cultural and actually social. For each type, a corresponding list of indicators and sources of information is defined. The level of prevalence of signs of social exclusion among different types of pensioner households was analyzed. It was established that in the pre-war period, single pensioners suffered the most from various manifestations of economic exclusion. This applies to both food and the purchase of clothes, shoes, non-food items of basic necessity. It is shown that the level of material exclusion of pensioners, determined according to the European methodology, significantly exceeds the indicator for able-bodied persons. Before the full-scale invasion of Russia, every second pensioner suffered from three or more signs of exclusion, defined according to the European methodology, and every third suffered from four or more, that is, from deep material deprivation. Based on the forecast of the Institute of Demography and Social Research named after M.V. Ptukha of the National Academy of Sciences, it has been proven that the vast majority of elderly people will fall into the category of poor and excluded for economic reasons. It is shown that with the beginning of a full-scale invasion of Russia, damage and destruction of residential buildings, the problems of exclusion due to living conditions move to another level. For families whose homes were partially or completely destroyed, the problem is the availability of housing in general, and only then - about equipping it with certain amenities. Retired households have been proven to suffer the most from health care exclusion. With age, the need for medical services objectively increases, and the opportunities for obtaining them narrow. The scale of actual social exclusion due to the impossibility of receiving certain social services, feelings of insecurity and discomfort, problematic social environment, impossibility to maintain constant contacts, to communicate with friends, relatives, and family members was assessed. The level of cultural exclusion in the pre-war period and during the war is analyzed. The changes that will take place in the perception of social exclusion among pensioners living in the territories where there were no active hostilities, in the front-line and front-line territories, in the occupation, are determined.