Влияние таргетных пробиотиков на ось «микробиота – кишечник – иммунная система

Abstract

The gastrointestinal tract is a multifunctional system that performs numerous functions, including immunity. It is the basis of the body's safety, including neutralizing foreign antigens and xenobiotics, tolerance formation, or elimination. One of the most important protections for humans is the intestinal microbiota. Without symbiosis with trillions of microorganisms inhabiting the human intestine, the vital activity of the macroorganism is impossible. Therefore, the totality of the human and microbiota is considered as a superorganism. Within the framework of this paradigm, the review examines in detail numerous aspects of the interaction of the microbiota with various components of the immune system, and its role in the implementation of the immune response as a whole. In addition, the review pays attention to the problem of probiotics. Based on the understanding of the microbiota as a kind of "signaling interface" integrating exogenous and endogenous signals affecting both health and the manifestation of human diseases, the authors for the first time gave a scientific definition of "targeted probiotic therapy" as opposed to the concept of "empirical probiotic therapy" based on the principle of "one size fits all". Thus, "targeted probiotics" are safe, strain-level identifiable living microorganisms with established or suspected therapeutic targets, which, when introduced into the host body and possessing immunoregulatory, metabolic, microbiome-modulating, and other effects, can have a specific positive effect on the health (therapeutic or preventive), confirmed in randomized clinical trials. Key words: microbiota, microbiome, immune system, targeted probiotics, immunobiotics, nutraceuticals