Abstract
An urgent problem in traumatology and orthopedics remains the closure of bone tissue defects caused by cystic formations, revision operations of open fractures, false joints of long tubular bones and chronic osteomyelitis. Platelet-rich blood plasma is extracted from the patient's own blood and used in all areas of medicine. Cellular processes after tissue damage are controlled, among other things, by platelets and dividing growth factors. Platelets produce a wide range of growth factors and cytokines after attachment, fusion, and fibrin mesh formation. Key cytokines that determine platelets play an important role in cell proliferation, chemotaxis, cell differentiation, and angiogenesis.Morphological bone proteins are a large group of structurally related proteins. BMP is closely related to the processes of bone formation and regeneration. Their mechanism of action includes the transmission of signals about chemotaxis, proliferation and differentiation of osteoporosis progenitor cells and the induction of bone formation by these cells. Extensive preclinical studies have shown that BMP is able to cause bone formation at ectopic sites and treat fractures. Mesenchymal stem cells are heterogeneous populations of stem cells that have similar characteristics and are distributed across several tissues. MSC are multipotent cells capable of repairing damaged mesenchymal tissue and bone marrow. They have the ability to differentiate into a wide range of cell types, such as chondroblasts, fibroblasts and osteoblasts, and can also produce mature cells that usually originate from the endoderm and ectoderm. Thus, mesenchymal cells are good candidates for their use in regenerative medicine and cell therapy. These stem cells can be obtained from the bone marrow in the amount of 1/1000 to 1/100 cells, which is ten times less than that of hematopoietic stem cells. Mesenchymal stem cells can also be obtained from umbilical cord blood and other tissues such as adipose tissue. The analysis of the literature shows that there remains an unsolved problem in modern medicine. With the development of modern technologies, new types of growth factors and replacement of bone defects have been invented, which, in turn, opens up new possibilities in treatment
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