Анализ возможности работы плавучей атомной электростанции совместно с опреснительной установкой

Nuclear desalination concept and implementation spanning 50 years are recognized as an economical viable option for water and electricity production but could not receive wider applications. This is due to various factors, in addition to technical design parameters, other factors, such as social, economic, and environmental issues, need to be considered. For this purpose, the current studies start with performing a critical and up-to-date literature review on previous investigations in the field of nuclear reactors and integrated nuclear power with desalination plants with a specific focus on performance criteria, technical specifications, etc. Reviewing and compiling the most updated technical specifications, cost estimations, and environmental data related to nuclear power and desalination plants are also important steps. Previous studies show a special focus on other important issues on nuclear desalination characteristics in countries including Saudi Arabia, Egypt, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, India, and Kuwait. This work presents a concise review of previous works on the relevancy of other issues, such as economic, environmental, and social, associated with the use of nuclear energy in power generation and fresh water production. Preliminary assessment of possible hybrid configurations of nuclear and desalination technologies is developed and assessed by a computational program. Both operating and capital cost of the integrated plants are calculated. The simulation model is then extended to compare with other heating reactors as well for the verification analysis. The results obtained from comparative assessment depicts the accuracy of the simulation model used for preliminary assessment of the integrated nuclear desalination option. The main objective of the research is to assess the nuclear desalination plant development in terms of social, economic and environmental aspects. The results will pave the way for countries interested in developing nuclear desalination plants.

Purpose: review of existing technologies and methods of seawater desalination for drinking water supply. Discussion. Based on modern research methods using statistical data and a review of domestic and foreign literature, a review of methods and technologies for desalination and desaltation of highly mineralized natural waters was carried out. The use of sea water for domestic purposes is impossible due to the high content of minerals, however, after desalination, such water can be used for drinking. The choice of technologies and methods of desalination is primarily determined by the quality of source water, as well as the requirements for the quality of treated water, plant productivity and technical and economic calculations. For the drinking water supply purposes, the most efficient and cost-effective method is desalination using reverse osmosis technology, used for both sea and groundwater with high salinity. Reverse osmosis technology has significant advantages over thermal desalination, especially when applied to small-scale plants of small domestic water supply systems. The use of reverse osmosis plants will significantly increase productivity of drinking water output per watt of electricity consumed. Conclusions. The introduction of modern technologies and careful attention to water consumption play a significant role in maintaining water balance in different countries. The most cost-effective and efficient method is seawater desalination using reverse osmosis plants. Despite the fact that water desalination and desaltion plants are very expensive, the conservation of natural waters is a priority nowadays.

Nuclear power can be categorized as a clean energy source for producing electricity and supplying the required energy to a desalination plant, promising less atmospheric emission in comparison to fossil fuels. Considering the fact that fresh water-related issues are acute in many countries of the world, the utilization of desalination technologies seems to be the key solution to these problems. Desalination processes are known to be “energy-intensive”, emphasizing the potential advantages of its integration to a nuclear power plant in mediumto large-scale seawater desalination projects. The demand for electricity and fresh water in Iran compels the country to search for a feasible option. We suggest nuclear desalination as a suitable alternative, in which the recovered heat can be used in thermal desalination systems. In this article, the status of currently operating desalination plants and future developments are described. Several possible schemes for coupling nuclear power plant and fossil fuel-based plants with desalination technologies are suggested and some thermo-economic analysis (based on the specific characteristics of the country) are presented. Results of calculations reveal some advantages of nuclear desalination complex and its competitiveness with other options. It should be noted that the research has been conducted by cooperation of two SPbPU PhD students with Iranian citizenship.

Several ways to overcome dependence on fossil fuels/energy sources of petroleum for national energy procurement have been performed, such as replacing petroleum with liquid coal/gas, and other renewable energy such as hydrogen. This has been stated in the Government Regulation no. 79 of 2014 on National Energy Policy and Law no. 17 of 2007 on the 2005-2025 National Long-Term Plan. To support national energy growth, the government has enacted the use of new and renewable energy contributing to more than 23% of total energy consumption and that the use of oil should be reduced to less than 25%. Experimental Power Reactor or called Reaktor Daya Eksperimental (RDE) is built to demonstrate for electricity generation or cogeneration purpose, which utilizes nuclear heat for producing electricity and for providing process heat for an industry, for example desalination. Cogeneration system can also improve the economical benefit of the RDE by thermal utilization. Seawater desalination is an attractive solution, of which the technologies have been well established over the past 50 years. The two most commonly used desalination technologies are multistage flash (MSF) and reverse osmosis (RO) systems. Basically, almost all PLTUs in Indonesia have applied desalination technology to supply the process water needs, but they still use fossil energy to supply heat. In order to overcome electricity deficiency and water scarcity in some areas of Indonesia, then to accommodate a government regulation on energy mix, it is necessary to study nuclear heat utilization for desalination (Nuclear Desalination) through cogeneration system. The Nuclear Desalination is conducted by coupling the RDE with desalination units, so it can simultaneously produce electricity and freshwater. An intermediate heat exchanger is incorporated between the nuclear reactor and the desalination unit to ensure no radioactive contamination in secondary system or to protect the desalinated water. The objective of study is to choose the most optimum options of the steam extraction points that will be used for desalination process. The result of this study showed that heat can be extracted in the heat application line before the steam turbine (coupling option 1) and the downstream of steam turbine (coupling option 2). For coupling option 1, the steam (0.94 kg/s) with the temperature of 520°C can be extracted to produce a 27 m3/h fresh water. Meanwhile, using the low-pressure steam rejected from turbine (coupling option 2), the fresh water of 16.5 m3/h (396 m3/d) flow rate can be produced from the desalination unit.

The role of nuclear desalination in meeting the potable water needs in water scarce areas in the next decades

Although it is widely accepted that coupling a Desalination Plant (DP) to a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) does not pose any significant additional hazard, it must clearly be considered as a major modification of the design and, therefore, requires issuing an ad hoc version of the Facility Safety Analysis Report (SAR). Documentation is already available covering general safety aspects of nuclear desalination, including standards and applicable requirements, as well as methodologies for assessing potential exposure. In this report, a specific analysis of the main features to be considered for producing the safety analysis report of a nuclear desalination plant will be presented. For the sake of clarity, it is assumed that there is an existing SAR of the NPP and only the additional information to be included in the SAR will be considered. The scope of this additional information is extremely dependent on the desalination technology and the coupling scheme. Therefore, the kind of nuclear desalination process coupling, i.e. thermal, mechanical or electrical, must be defined as a previous task. A thorough review of the main contents of the SAR is performed in order to identify the relevant points, if any, which need to be included in every chapter coping with the coupling. The SAR chapters' content and scope are considered in accordance with IAEA guidelines. As part of the safety report, possible accidental event analysis and their consequences must be included and, therefore, the deterministic analysis of an envelope case of contamination release through the DP must be assessed. The elaboration of this safety case is analysed, and the justified scope of the models needed to quantify the contamination transport mechanisms is presented. Finally, the most commonly accepted techniques and codes, used for the deterministic safety analysis of nuclear plants and effectively applicable to nuclear desalination plants, are presented by the use of the modelling tool DESNU.

Potential of heat pipe technology in nuclear seawater desalination

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the presented object, namely mineral waters in the modern world have a huge potential and play an important role in farming, the coal industry, and in many other fields of life. Mineral water desalination technologies also affect the environment, so there are requirements for improving the methods of recycling brines and regenerative solutions in the desalination of water, due to which it is possible to make a substantial contribution to meeting the requirements of a number of consumers. The purpose of the study is to conduct an experiment, as a result of which recommendations will be made to eliminate errors and improve the quality of various methods of desalination of mineral waters and prevent the problem of disposal of brine, which, when discharged into reservoirs or evaporative sites, substantially worsen the ecological situation. Among the methods used are analytical, experimental, functional, statistical, classification, synthesis. In the course of the study, the features of mineral waters were noted, errors that were made during treatment, and the causes of their occurrence were analysed, and difficulties in the field of coal industry enterprises were analysed: the formation of water, its composition, properties, and degree of impact on the environment. It is important to understand the possibilities of various methods that allow choosing the best technological modes of operation of water treatment processes and successfully solving environmental problems with minimal consumption of reagents, water, and its discharge to the external environment. The practical value lies in the fact that the results obtained can be useful for the industry where mineral resources are extracted and processed, for researchers engaged in the development of new desalination methods, and can substantially reduce production costs and ensure the ecology of the process.

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the presented object, namely mineral waters in the modern world have a huge potential and play an important role in farming, the coal industry, and in many other fields of life. Mineral water desalination technologies also affect the environment, so there are requirements for improving the methods of recycling brines and regenerative solutions in the desalination of water, due to which it is possible to make a substantial contribution to meeting the requirements of a number of consumers. The purpose of the study is to conduct an experiment, as a result of which recommendations will be made to eliminate errors and improve the quality of various methods of desalination of mineral waters and prevent the problem of disposal of brine, which, when discharged into reservoirs or evaporative sites, substantially worsen the ecological situation. Among the methods used are analytical, experimental, functional, statistical, classification, synthesis. In the course of the study, the features of mineral waters were noted, errors that were made during treatment, and the causes of their occurrence were analysed, and difficulties in the field of coal industry enterprises were analysed: the formation of water, its composition, properties, and degree of impact on the environment. It is important to understand the possibilities of various methods that allow choosing the best technological modes of operation of water treatment processes and successfully solving environmental problems with minimal consumption of reagents, water, and its discharge to the external environment. The practical value lies in the fact that the results obtained can be useful for the industry where mineral resources are extracted and processed, for researchers engaged in the development of new desalination methods, and can substantially reduce production costs and ensure the ecology of the process.

Chapter 6 - Nuclear Energy Powered Seawater Desalination

In article considered the main modern technologies of industrial desalination of seawater, carried out by methods: distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, freezing, and ion exchange. It given the design of softening and desalination devices for seawater, considered technological processes occurring on them. To date, an important task facing both foreign countries and Kazakhstan is the desalination of seawater, treatment, water treatment, since even tap water from urban water supply contains an increased content of salts and various contaminants. To solve this problem, the authors have identified the ecological and economic advantages and disadvantages of the possible application of the above-listed desalination methods for seawaters. Have been studied prospects of large-scale use of atomic energy for desalination of seawater, including the example of the Mangyshlak nuclear power complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on which many years of experience in nuclear desalination been developed. In addition, given a brief overview of advanced technologies, which are able to come to replace existing techniques. In particular, considered the methods of desalination of salt water based on shock waves, use of porous nanotubes (Perforene membranes, molybdenum disulfide, and graphene membranes) for separation of salt from water, described desalination plants that operate at the expense of solar energy using hybrid technology, that is, combining the thermal and membrane method of desalting.

AJ Antunes moves into Europe

Nuclear cogeneration for cleaner desalination and power generation – A feasibility study

The integration of desalination plants and mineral production

Both nuclear and desalination technologies are mature and proven by experience, and are commercially available from a variety of suppliers. From the early days of the two technologies, it was realised that nuclear energy could be utilised to overcome two of the challenges to the development of humankind, namely the sustainable supply of electricity and water. As early as the 1960s, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and individual countries carried out several technical and economic feasibility studies to investigate the utilisation of nuclear energy for seawater desalination. The assessments performed for these studies indicated that nuclear desalination would be technically feasible and economically competitive with fossil and renewable energy in a range of situations. Coupling nuclear reactor and desalination processes involves a number of issues that have to be addressed. These include safety of the nuclear plant and prevention of radioactive contamination of product water, assurance of potable water supply during reactor shutdown, as well as economic and financing issues. This article presents the development of nuclear desalination, its current status and its prospects for implementation, through a comprehensive review of its historical development, recent studies and R&D activities, as well as the main issues confronting nuclear desalination and approaches to address them.