Формирование нового человека как формационный смысл эпохи трансформации в истории Европы

B a c k g r o u n d . With the growth of cultural heritage and its digital representation, governments around the world are forced to develop effective strategies for preserving and accessing cultural heritage. One of the ways to ensure access to cultural heritage in the era of digital transformation is to create digital resources available online. However, the creation of digital resources is not enough to ensure access to cultural heritage. The state should develop a policy that will ensure not only the creation of digital resources but also their preservation, promotion and accessibility for different social groups. It is important to develop digital literacy tools for different social groups and provide adequate resources for the preservation and processing of digital cultural heritage. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the role of public policy in ensuring access to cultural heritage in the era of digital transformation. The study set the following objectives: (1) to analyses the current state of access to cultural heritage in the era of digital transformation in different countries of the world; (2) to study the role of public policy in ensuring access to cultural heritage in the era of digital transformation in different countries of the world; to identify effective methods and tools used by states to ensure access to cultural heritage in the era of digital transformation; (3) to analyses the impact of digital transformation on the preservation and access to cultural heritage; (4) to provide recommendations for the development of a new digital heritage policy. M e t h o d s . In order to achieve the research objective, the following methods were used in the process: (1) abstract and logical – to analyses sources and draw conclusions; (2) analysis of public policy and legislation – this method consists in studying public policy that regulates access to cultural heritage in the era of digital transformation, as well as studying the legislative acts that regulate this process; (3) analysis of existing practices of access to cultural heritage – this method involves the study of the experience of using digital technologies to provide access to cultural heritage in different countries and regions of the world; (4) comparative analysis – to compare the factors, methods and tools of public policies of different countries that regulate access to cultural heritage; (5) empirical method – to highlight the experience of individual countries in ensuring access to cultural heritage through the implementation of digital processes. R e s u l t s . The author analyses the national policies of democratic countries. It has been determined that they should reflect the changing conditions of cultural heritage protection and access in the era of digital transformation. To do this, it is necessary to constantly update and adapt legislation in this area, develop new methods of protection and access to cultural heritage, and focus on the development of new technologies for preserving and presenting cultural heritage in a new way. Priority should be given to the development and implementation of digital platforms to provide access to cultural heritage in various forms, including virtual reality and interactive applications. In addition, it is important to develop international cooperation in this area, especially for the joint implementation of technical solutions for the protection of and access to cultural heritage. These measures will help preserve and enrich the cultural heritage of humanity and make it more accessible to the public. С o n c l u s i o n s . It has been determined that the digitalisation of cultural heritage is not a one-size-fits-all approach, and that the preservation of cultural heritage should respect the diversity of cultural practices and traditions. Therefore, it is important to work with communities and involve them in the process of digitalizing cultural heritage to ensure that their cultural practices and traditions are accurately represented and preserved for future generations.

One of the most studied, debated, noticeable and important gaps in history is the transition period between the Middle Ages and Modern Times. This is primarily due to the specifics of the civilizational development of Europe in this period. It is almost universally accepted that its essence is connected with the transition from feudalism to capitalism. This era is ‘transitional’ and includes many different transformations: cultural, mental economic, political, when instead of an ethno-political space, a national-political world is formed. Therefore, it makes sense to call it so — the era of transformation, when the agrarian economy is transformed into a post-agrarian one, although not yet ‘industrial’, ‘pagan’ culture comes out from the ‘underground’ and actively pushes the Christian religion-ideology, ‘A Christian’ becomes a ‘free person’, etc. It is during this period that civilizationally significant processes begin and end: - The Renaissance, the Reformation, and the Counter-Reformation are coming to an end. - There is basically a ‘progressive’ stage of absolutism. - All means of ‘feudal redistribution’ of Europe have been exhausted (The Italian Crusades, the Thirty Years’ War). - The final division into ‘national states’ takes place. - Geographical discoveries are being fully completed. - In general, the first stage of the technical revolution is coming to an end. - A new bourgeois type of man is being actively formed. This article offers a brief analysis of this period as a special Era of Transformation, within which complex processes take place: Renovatio – as a ‘return’ to the state of culture ‘before the fall’ (first of all, ancient); Reformatio – as a ‘return’ to the ‘correct’ form of Christianity (‘early Christianity’); Revolutio – as a ‘return’ to the ‘correct’ form of government (a wide range from the ‘Roman Republic’ to the traditional German community or the Old Testament model). They are difficult to relate, they do not go synchronously, during the period they significantly change their meaning, at the same time, the logic of civilizational development implies a movement from Renovatio to Revolutio, from cultural deformations and changes to the replacement of the social system.

Temporary accommodation facilities are largely a reflection of socio-economic processes in the middle of society at a certain stage of its existence. The structure of modern hotels bears the imprint of historical prototypes that were formed in countries with different cultural, social, and architectural traditions. Studying the historical evolution of such institutions makes it possible to determine certain historical stages of their formation, identify modern development prospects and outline futuristic directions for their modernization. The article examines the historical evolution of temporary accommodation facilities, the formation and development of their typology. The peculiarities of the architectural and planning organization of hotel establishments of different periods of construction are established. The impact of socio-economic factors on the formation of temporary accommodation facilities at various stages of human development is monitored. The main stages of the development of hotels are highlighted: the ancient period, the Middle Ages, modern times, the formation of the concept of "hotel" at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. Selected periods of rapid development: the beginning of the 20th century up to the period of the world economic crisis of the 1930s; 1950-60 (the end of World War II, the formation of mass tourism); 1980s - the beginning of the 21st century (the flourishing of international tourism); 2020 - to the present days (the impact of the global pandemic Сovid-19, the war in Ukraine, the general global economic recession). During the last decades, taking into account the climatic, ecological, man-made and socio-political challenges, the hotel business has become characterized by: a certain departure from "internationalization" in the architectural and design solutions of hotel establishments; appeal to national cultural traditions; specialization of hotels; expansion of the network of institutions of medium-low level of comfort; the direction of ecological and energy-efficient construction; the use of "theatrical effects" and futurism in the design of hotel interiors and exteriors; spread of eco-hotels, "green tourism" facilities, "capsule hotels". The article deals with the issues of architectural and figurative transformation of buildings during the reconstruction of historical industrial enterprises (mid-eighteenth century - first half of the XX century). The main principles for the implementation of such a transformation are determined: ensuring urban integrity; preservation of the historical image of industrial architecture; nuances in their general architectural and spatial organization (symbiosis with the environment); contrast between old and new; compliance with national and regional cultural traditions; environmentally friendly solutions. Examples of the application of these principles in the world practice of the reconstruction of industrial buildings for various public functions are analyzed. Techniques that allow to implement these principles in the renovation of historical buildings are defined. These methods include: conservation and restoration of the characteristic elements of industrial architecture; reuse of authentic materials and designs; the inclusion of industrial equipment in the interiors and exteriors of objects of reconstruction; the use of forms, materials, structures, furniture - contrasting with the primary industrial structure while ensuring symbiosis with the environment due to the nuanced solution of the overall composition, the delicate inclusion of new elements, the preservation of rhythmic patterns, the use of building and finishing materials, elements of architectural «camouflage» (grids, perforations, glazing, openwork metal structures, etc.); «absorption» of old buildings or their parts by new structures. In addition, an accentuated appeal to the characteristic features of the national cultural traditions of the construction region, the use of local building and finishing materials, forms, structures, the use of local ornaments, patterns, objects of arts and crafts is proposed. It is recommended to use environmentally friendly materials, landscaping elements in the interiors and exteriors of buildings, the formation of a building area using the natural landscape along with the inclusion of industrial elements of industrial architecture.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of digital communication in the existence of South Sumatran cultural traditions in introducing local culture, analyzing cultural influences, and proving the role of South Sumatran culturalists in preserving local culture in the era of transformation and globalization. According to Yousefikhah (2017), social constructions of technology (ScoT) provide an understanding of the experience and construction of using technology as the subject of innovation. The method used is a qualitative method, a phenomenological approach. Observation data, interviews, and literature studies were collected from three informants: cultural, event, and community leaders. The results show that the upstream Malay rentak broadcast program, it is a broadcast that is packaged to provide education in getting to know local culture in South Sumatra, maintaining local culture, and fostering the love of the younger generation for a local culture so that they can become preservers of local wisdom.

This research aims to know the relation between Prima Tani media communications and accessibility of farmerinstitution with farmer perception about technology introduction of Rural Agribusiness Industrial. In this research tofind characteristic personal, Prima Tani of media communications and accessibility of farmer institution influencingfarmer perception about technology introduction of Rural Agribusiness Industrial in province of West Java and SouthSulawesi. Result of research indicates: nonformal education has correlation with perception of cooperator farmer inWest Java. Ages, formal and nonformal education has negative correlation with perception of noncooperator farmerin West Java at economic and social aspect. In South Sulawesi, formal education and experience of farm hascorrelation with perception of cooperator farmer at economic aspect, average income and land use field hascorrelation with social aspect. Average income and land use status has negative correlation with noncooperatorfarmer perception in social aspect and land use status at social aspect, land use status has correlation withnoncooperator farmer perception at economic aspect. In West Java, spread out technology and clinic agribusinesshas correlation with perception of cooperator farmer with biophysic and economic aspect. Prima Tani mediacommunications has correlation with biophysic and social aspect. Spread out technological and Prima Tani mediacommunication has correlation with perception of noncooperator farmer in West Java at social aspect, clinicagribusiness has correlation with noncooperator farmer in economic aspect. In South Sulawesi, spread outtechnological has correlation with biophysic and social aspect. Prima Tani media communications and clinicagribusiness has correlation with perception of cooperator farmer at social and economic aspect. In West Java,accessibility of farmer institution has correlation with perception of cooperator farmer in biophysic, social andeconomic aspect. Accessibility of farmer institution has correlation with noncooperator farmer perception in socialand economic aspect. In South Sulawesi, accessibility of farmer institution has correlation with cooperator farmerperception in social and biophysic aspect.

Social, economic, and institutional aspects are crucial for supporting sustainable fisheries management. The objective of this research is to assess the level of sustainability of the social, economic, and institutional aspects of fisheries management, especially at the fishing port level. In this research, field research was conducted using composite analysis and flag modelling visualization in the Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries Management (EAFM) as a tool to assess the sustainability of each aspect. Data were obtained from interviews and questionnaires answered by 90 respondents, including fishermen, port officers, and fisheries entrepreneurs in the Palabuhanratu Nusantara Fishing Port. The results showed that, overall, the sustainability condition in the social aspect was good with a score of 79.69, while the economic aspect was moderate with a score of 55.32, and the institutional aspect was good with a score of 80.28. The lowest levels of sustainability in the social and economic aspects were found in the indicators of stakeholder participation and fishery household income, both in the medium category. In the institutional aspect, the lowest level of sustainability was found in the indicator of compliance with responsible fisheries management principles, which was in the good category. These results are expected to provide stakeholders with the necessary information to take corrective steps to improve sustainability in fisheries management, particularly in the social and economic aspects.

In Japanese history the establishment of the ie, or family system, on which patriarchal authority was based, represents one of the most important turning points. The ie that came into being from the late eleventh century onwards, differs from the uji that had characterised previous eras, not so much on account of its patriarchal system but because it would place the married couple in prime position. The family, previously made up of a man engaging in occasional relationships with a number of women, would gradually become a more stable nucleus comprising of a husband with a wife who enjoyed a legally recognised position of privilege compared with all the other concubines. After her husband’s death, she would naturally become a sort of substitute figure, often gaining considerable authority and prestige. With the threat of the Mongolian invasions (from 1274 and 1281) and the consequent increase in limitations on women’s inheritance rights, many widows were forced to take vows as a sign of loyalty and tangible proof of their choice not to remarry if they were to secure their husband’s property. The literary production of Nun Abutsu (1225 ca.-1283 ca.) written in a period which led to the inevitable breakdown of the economic, social, and political balance of Japan, offers a realistic description of women’s ambitions, duties and concerns in an era of great transformation. In a close reading of her major works Abutsu no fumi (The letter of Abutsu, 1264 ca.), Utatane (Fitful slumbers, XIII century) and Izayoi nikki (The Diary of the sixteenth night moon, 1280 ca.), the book casts light on some important issues in Japanese women’s history: the gradual shift from uxorical to virilocal marriage, the consequences of this process for inheritance patterns, the meaning of women’s participation in the intellectual life of their time.

The book examines the evolution of the UK’s version of “shareholder capitalism”, or liberal market economy. The focus is on the influence of governing institutions on this evolution and on the changing role of the state in the economy. As the research shows, the liberal market economy that developed in the UK corresponded to the historical and geographical patterns, institutional characteristics, political and cultural tradition. The combination of these factors led to early industrialization and Britain's leading role in the global economy in the 19th century, a lag behind competitive countries in the first half of the 20th century, the failure of corporatism in the post-war decades, and conversely, the success of Thatcherism. The main characteristics of the UK’s liberal market economy include a relatively low state regulation, corporate access to capital through the financial markets, and profit maximization as the primary goal of corporate governance. These elements ensured a specific response of the economy to internal and external shocks and strategies for overcoming crises. A high level of competition - both domestic and international - is crucial for the sustainability of liberal market economy. Historical experience confirms that the British economy performed best during periods of high globalization, minimal regulation, and widespread of radical innovation. A similar model has emerged in the United States and other English-speaking countries that share common historical roots and cultural tradition with Britain. A distinctive feature of the UK version of a liberal market economy is the peculiar position of trade unions —relatively decentralized but quite influential due to special relationships with the Labour party. Another distinguishing trait is a strong socialist / social-democratic tradition that has dominated British political landscape since the late 19th century. Depending on external and internal conditions, these features begin to conflict with the liberal market economy and create a demand for its transformation. The presence of significant contradictions can be seen as a key factor contributing to the instability of the UK’s economy model. Regarding political views, ideas of mixed economy and welfare state are accepted in one form or another by the main competing political parties, and at different times this has formed a basis for a consensus approach to economic policy. Historically, adherence to the "third way" among Labour’s members is expressed in a somewhat greater inclination towards redistribution, while among Conservatives’ it leans towards paternalism. As a result, part of the electorate whose character and interests are tied to principles of individualism and economic freedom is not represented in this framework. This may explain the phenomenon of Margaret Thatcher in the 1980s and a significant shift of voters towards Nigel Farage's Reform Party in 2024. Major events such as the global financial and economic crisis, the UK's exit from the EU, and the Covid-19 pandemic were accompanied by an increase in state intervention in the economy, a reassessment of corporate governance principles and industrial relations regulation, and a limitation of market mechanisms. The corporate sector's transition to ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) and DEI (Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion) principles, as well as an increase in its social responsibility, are important conditions for transforming the institutional structure of a liberal market economy. A significant factor in the transformation of the UK’s Economy model is the strengthening of the state apparatus and quasi non-governmental organizations that are not free from political bias. After 2020, there are clear signs that the established structure differs significantly from what was observed two decades earlier. Paradoxically, after Britain's exit from the EU, there has been a more intense convergence of its economic model with the continental one than during its membership.

Russian historiography in recent decades, there has been increased interest in the problems of everyday life in different historical periods and epochs. Regarding the middle ages and new time, an integral part of everyday life was the belief in the struggle between God and Devil, and Man in this confrontation was one of the conflicting parties. Holy Inquisition has been fighting with the followers of dark forces, witches and apostates – heretics since the XIII century. However, special attention should be paid to the fact that in addition to the above-mentioned victims of the ecclesiastical court, become and other devil's servants are werewolves. An important point is that the belief in creatures that can change their appearance, one way or another is present in all peoples of the world, but the massive scale, amounting to hysteria, she gets in Europe. According to the results of the research, the authors note that theories and facts that shaped the consciousness of man at the crossroads of two historical epochs – the middle ages and modern times, under the influence of Church ideologues and demonic studies, as well as reasoning of the average man which has been formed through the prism of perception of that time, belief in werewolves firmly occupies its own niche in daily life for a long time.

An important element of a zero-emission economy is technological innovation and the economic aspects of the transformation, which enable effective and cost-effective emission reductions. A zero-emission economy aims to completely eliminate greenhouse gas emissions, which requires the transformation of the energy, transport, and industry sectors, among others. A particular challenge is reducing emissions in transport, which is responsible for approximately 25% of global carbon dioxide emissions resulting from energy consumption, primarily from fossil fuels. In the face of growing climate requirements and commitments resulting from the Paris Agreement, the transformation of this sector is becoming a priority for environmental policy at all levels. This article aims to demonstrate the role of innovative management strategies implemented by energy companies in the decarbonization process of transport, with a particular emphasis on economic aspects. By providing clean energy, developing infrastructure, and investing in modern technologies and services, these companies play a key role in the transformation of the transport sector. The costs of investing in modern technologies, such as electromobility, hydrogen, or intelligent transport systems, must be considered, as they require significant financial outlays for the development and implementation of solutions. Additionally, expenditures related to the adaptation of infrastructure, including the construction of charging stations and the modernization of the railway network, are significant and pose a challenge to public and private budgets. The scientific novelty of the present article lies in the interdisciplinary economic and technological analysis, which integrates innovation management, energy sector development, and transport transformation in the context of global climate challenges. It highlights strategic mechanisms and management tools that have been insufficiently explored so far, enabling a better understanding of how to effectively support transport decarbonization while considering economic aspects and infrastructure challenges.

Small modular reactor technologies and social, economic, and technological aspects of their application in the Russian Arctic are considered in the article. An overview of the key factors influencing an implementation of small modular reactor plants in remote regions with a decentralized power grid is presented. The main directions of small modular reactor design activities of the key Russian centers of atomic research and development are given. An overview of current Russian small modular reactor technologies including pressurized water reactors, boiling water reactors, reactors installed on floating nuclear power plants, high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, and liquid metal cooled reactor is conducted. Economic, social, ecological, and digital aspects of applications of small modular reactor in the Russian Arctic are considered. A detailed survey of areas of small modular reactor application including extractive, processing, industrial energy-intensive facilities, and power and heat supply of cities is also given. The importance of digital twins of small modular as an essential element in the development and maintenance of complex engineering products and industrial facilities throughout the entire life cycle is discussed in the article. Conclusions about key advantages and prospects of an application of small modular reactors in the Russian Arctic are made.

Introduction: Death, Fire, and Wizards EDITH WHARTON: In reality they all lived in a kind of hieroglyphic world, where the real thing was never said or done or even thought, but only represented by a set of arbitrary signs. The Age of Innocence (1920) WILL ROGERS (on the death of Florenz Ziegfeld): To have been the master amusement provider of your generation, surely a life’s work has been accomplished. The Autobiography of Will Rogers (1935) VACHEL LINDSAY: …the wizards should rule, and the realists should serve them. The Art of the Moving Picture (1915). Inside and Outside Of the Playhouse The period of American theatrical entertainment to be surveyed here covers approximately three-quarters of a century, beginning in 1870 – though I will actually reach back to 1865 as my starting point – and ending in 1945. It is a rich, complex era of theatrical developments and transformations. During these decades American entertainment became one of the largest industries in the country, encompassing not only dramatic performances and musical theatre (from revues to opera) but also minstrelsy, vaudeville, amusement arcades and parks, circuses, and the new media of film and radio. In this chapter some of the defining traits of this broad array of entertainment will be outlined, and American theatre will be situated within the context of American cultural history (the political, economic, social, moral, and artistic aspects of the time). The events and conditions of the period serve as both a catalogue of the defining traits of American life and a measure of the theatre’s accomplishments. Typically, when dividing history into epochs, the beginning and the end of a period are identified by means of major events, including decisive wars and the deaths of important people. In the case of American history between 1865 and 1945, the deaths of two presidents, Abraham Lincoln and Franklin Delano Roosevelt, coincide with the culmination of two major wars and thus provide convenient and fitting period markers. The deaths also serve as points of transition between what has been and what will be, momentary gaps in the march of history.

Varieties of capitalism and East Asia: Long-term evolution, structural change, and the end of East Asian capitalism

Globalization and information technologies are new realities that have brought profound changes in lifestyles worldwide. This is reshaping the overall pattern of life custom, cultural production, consumption and trade in a world increasingly filled with changes and economic diversity. In an age of globalization, often ask questions and discussions concerning about successes and vitalities of nations. Globalization and technological revolutions race ahead and transform the world, and how to traces the real business to success. There are thousands of good examples where any nations have shown entrepreneurial talents and have succeeded. It is culture that principally explains, in many cases, or geographical pattern where some countries are developing more rapidly and more successfully than others. How to explain economic success of this nation's miracles or simple the secret is creative entrepreneurships? This paper explores the complex interactions between the geographic pattern from one side and cultural, technological and social aspects of entrepreneurship from other side which generates the dynamic processes of the world economy. In this era of transformation, creativity and knowledge entrepreneurship are powerful tools of fostering economic progress and development.

Purpose: The intricate interplay between economic dynamism and social cohesion is essential for holistic advancement and enduring societal welfare. This systematic review aims to critically evaluate APP literature with a focus on social and economic aspects. Previous APP studies have primarily focused only on the economic aspects, often overlooking the social aspects, leading to poor social performance and profit drop.Design/methodology/approach: We reviewed the most recent APP papers published in the last 13 years from 2010 to 2023 and systematically classified them based on model type, solution approach, objective function, and social and economic parameters involved in the studies.Findings: The outcome shows that most of the previous studies applied mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) methods in developing the APP models while stochastic and fuzzy methods are the most common approaches to deal with uncertainties. Among all the APP studies, only about one-fifth of them focused on both the economic and social aspects. Specifically, 21 cost parameters and 4 social parameters have been identified from the previous APP studies. The most common cost parameter is inventory cost while customer satisfaction level is the most prevalent social parameter.Research limitations/implications: This article bridges the gap between economic and social considerations, offering a holistic approach to production management. It highlights the broader implications of APP by demonstrating economic benefits, alongside the social impacts.Originality/value: This article presents a comprehensive review of APP studies from social and economic aspects. It provides insights into the application of social and economic parameters in APP and motivates more research interest or attention to address the social aspects of APP.