Угрозы сибиреязвенных захоронений для экологической безопасности Таджикистана и меры их предупреждения

Abstract

Abstract. The aim of our research is to study the prevalence of anthrax soil foci that pose a threat to biological safety ,the role of soil structure and climatic factors in the epizootic process of anthrax in Tajikistan to substantiate anti epizootic and epidemic measures. Methods. The features of the manifestation of anthrax were studied in dynamic measurement by methods of applied epizootology. Results. The results of monitoring of natural foci of anthrax of animals for the period from 1937 to 2019 among farm, domestic and wild animals are presented. It was found that natural foci of anthrax animals are widespread in South-West and Central Tajikistan. As a result of the analysis of the soil structure and territorial distribution of anthrax, as well as the identification of the influence of soil structure on the vegetation of the causative agent of anthrax, the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan was divided into 5 landscape zones: light and typical gray earth, high – mountain desert and meadow and mountain – brown carbonate. At the same time, light and typically gray-earth soils of the 44 administrative divisions of the country are characterized by favorable physicochemical factors (humus content in the soil – 4–11.0 %, pH – 6–7, temperature at a depth of 15–20 cm from +2 to +33 °C, movable phosphorus 16–60 mg/kg, zinc 0.5–1.5 mg/kg, copper 0.4–0.8 mg/kg, manganese 70–100 mg/kg, soil moisture 30–60 %) for vegetation of the causative agent of anthrax in the soil. Studies have also found that of the majority of areas located in the valleys, the most disadvantaged for anthrax are territories located at an altitude of up to 1000 m above sea level. So, the share of these areas is 83.9 % of the total number of disadvantaged places, respectively, at an altitude of 1000–2000 m – 15.1 %, and at an altitude of over 2000 m – 1.5 %. The relationship between the incidence of anthrax animals and the registration of soil foci in Tajikistan with climatic factors was revealed, so the highest incidence of the disease occurs in the hotter months of the year, from May to September, when the air temperature reaches 30–45 °C with a significant decrease in atmospheric precipitation. Scientific novelty. For the first time, a retrospective analysis and expert assessment of an epizootic situation and ant epizootic measures with a chronological depth of up to 82 years was carried out. The role of the soil structure on the survival and vegetation of the causative agent of anthrax was revealed. It was found that the light – and typically gray soil 44 of the 63 administrative divisions of the country are characterized by favorable physical and chemical factors for the growing of anthrax in the soil. It was revealed that of the most districts located in the valleys, the most disadvantaged by anthrax are territories located at an altitude of up to 1000 m above sea level, as well as the relationship between the incidence of anthrax animals and the registration of soil foci in Tajikistan with climatic factors.