Abstract
To investigate the optimum extraction condition for Elaeagnus umbellata, the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of the extracts were assessed under different extraction conditions. Gallic acid and kaempferol, known as major components, were quantitatively by HPLC. Extracts of E. umbellata were examined in terms of their DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging abilities in addition to their polyphenol and flavonoid contents to determine their antioxidant activities. In addition, their inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was examined to determine their anti-inflammatory effects, and paper diffusion assays were used to examine their anti-microbial activities against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. It was found that the extract obtained using 70% EtOH at 80°C for 6 h showed the best radical scavenging activities (IC50; 8.64±0.31 μg/mL against DPPH, 9.44±0.48 μg/mL against ABTS) and NO inhibition in RAW264.7 cells (39.6% at 500 μg/mL). In addition, the extract obtained using 50–70% EtOH at 20–80°C for 6 h exhibited an excellent antimicrobial activity (7.0±0.4, 6.5±0.5, and 9.0±1.0 mm against P. acnes, S. aureus, and E. coli, respectively). This extract also contained the highest contents of gallic acid (45.60 μg/mg) and kaempferol (1.16 μg/mg), and the highest extraction yield (16.83%). Our data therefore confirm that the gallic acid-rich E. umbellata extract exhibits enhanced antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial effects, and can be used as a functional food to protect against skin aging and/or dermatological issues, such as acne and atopy.
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