ДИСТАНЦІЙНЕ НАВЧАННЯ У ЗАКЛАДАХ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ: ІСТОРИКО-ПЕДАГОГІЧНИЙ І ТЕОРЕТИЧНИЙ ДИСКУРСИ

Abstract

The peculiarities of distance learning and its technologies in historical perspective, pedagogical methods and techniques used in distance learning are considered in the article. The purpose of the article is to analyze the historical and pedagogical aspects and theoretical foundations of distance learning and its introduction by higher educational institutions of Ukraine in modern conditions. Methodology of the article. Consideration of the essence of the concepts of “distance education” and “distance learning”. It is found out that distance learning involves the interaction between teacher and students at a distance with the use of information and communication technologies that allow to provide it in individual and group forms. It is revealed that in historical retrospect the stages of distance learning development are identified with the use of one-way information transmission (radio, television, video), case studies, two-way communication (consultations, correspondence, etc.), broadcast learning (conferences, forums, computer technology and educational platforms, etc.). The advantages and disadvantages of synchronous and asynchronous learning are demonstrated. The theoretical basis of distance learning is presented with the help of didactic teaching methods, scientific and methodological support, principles of didactics. Results. Analysis of historical stages of distance learning allowed to identify the peculiarities of the use of didactic models, methods, computer technologies (online learning, online interactive learning, e-mail, Web, multimedia programs, games, studying platforms, etc.). It is proved that the effectiveness of distance learning depends on taking into account the individual characteristics of the subject of studying, adherence to the appropriate rate of presentation and control of student’s acquired knowledge and skills, professional orientation of studying, essence of studying, development of individual and group creativity and competencies declared in the academic program. Practical significance of the obtained results is in the fact that they allow a teacher to choose time-tested methods and technologies of distance learning, take into account their advantages and disadvantages in the educational process. Key words: didactic principles of distance learning, transmission of information by means of communication, online services, advantages and disadvantages of distance learning, stages of development of modern distance learning.